Question 1

What is one probable function of the parahippocampal place area (PPA) in the recognition of faces?

Accepted Answer

A)  To act as a back-up for the fusiform face area 
B)  To provide neuronal activity background to the fusiform face area 
C)  To provide context (e.g., building, landscape) in which to aid the fusiform face area in recognizing faces 
D)  To provide an emotional context to the fusiform face area, thereby aiding in recognition of faces 
E)  The FFA projects to the PPA for further cognitive processing, in case the original face being recognized has been altered, say, by time or other physical means 
A)  To act as a back-up for the fusiform face area 
B)  To provide neuronal activity background to the fusiform face area 
C)  To provide context (e.g., building, landscape) in which to aid the fusiform face area in recognizing faces 
D)  To provide an emotional context to the fusiform face area, thereby aiding in recognition of faces 
E)  The FFA projects to the PPA for further cognitive processing, in case the original face being recognized has been altered, say, by time or other physical means

Question 2

The final structure in which an image is consolidated and recognized as being familiar or not occurs in the

Accepted Answer

A)  V1 cortex. 
B)  V2 cortex. 
C)  medial prefrontal cortex. 
D)  medial premotor cortex. 
E)  anterior temporal lobe. 
A)  V1 cortex. 
B)  V2 cortex. 
C)  medial prefrontal cortex. 
D)  medial premotor cortex. 
E)  anterior temporal lobe.

Question 3

Besides varying the comparison frequency with respect to the baseline frequency, what other parameter is a valid measure of the subject being able to discriminate between presentation of the baseline and comparison frequencies?

Accepted Answer

A)  Adding a visual stimulus between presentation of the baseline and that of the comparison frequencies 
B)  Adding an auditory stimulus between presentation of the baseline and that of the comparison frequencies 
C)  Varying the interval between presentation of the baseline and that of the comparison frequencies 
D)  Varying the intensities of the comparison frequencies 
E)  Varying the duration of the comparison frequencies 
A)  Adding a visual stimulus between presentation of the baseline and that of the comparison frequencies 
B)  Adding an auditory stimulus between presentation of the baseline and that of the comparison frequencies 
C)  Varying the interval between presentation of the baseline and that of the comparison frequencies 
D)  Varying the intensities of the comparison frequencies 
E)  Varying the duration of the comparison frequencies

Question 4

The neuronal indication that the monkey is deciding how much two different stimuli (frequencies) differ is indicated by

Accepted Answer

A)  how close the neurons are anatomically. 
B)  how close the various brain nuclei are anatomically. 
C)  how morphologically similar they are. 
D)  how small the error is on the regression line on which the difference lies. 
E)  the judgment the neuron is making. 
A)  how close the neurons are anatomically. 
B)  how close the various brain nuclei are anatomically. 
C)  how morphologically similar they are. 
D)  how small the error is on the regression line on which the difference lies. 
E)  the judgment the neuron is making.

Question 5

The parahippocampal place area (PPA) is a cortical extension of the _______, a limbic structure involved in memory and spatial navigation.

Accepted Answer

A)  V1 cortex 
B)  V2 cortex 
C)  hippocampus 
D)  temporal cortex 
E)  auditory cortex 
A)  V1 cortex 
B)  V2 cortex 
C)  hippocampus 
D)  temporal cortex 
E)  auditory cortex

Question 6

Which of the following pathways is critical for the ability to detect motion?

Accepted Answer

A)  Retina to V1 to V2 to lateral geniculate to medial temporal lobe 
B)  Retina to V1 to V2 to posterior parietal cortex to medial temporal lobe 
C)  Retina to lateral geniculate to V1 to V2 to posterior parietal cortex to medial temporal lobe 
D)  Retinal to lateral geniculate to V1 to V2 to medial temporal cortex to posterior parietal cortex 
E)  Retina to V1 to V2 to lateral geniculate to posterior parietal cortex to medial temporal cortex 
A)  Retina to V1 to V2 to lateral geniculate to medial temporal lobe 
B)  Retina to V1 to V2 to posterior parietal cortex to medial temporal lobe 
C)  Retina to lateral geniculate to V1 to V2 to posterior parietal cortex to medial temporal lobe 
D)  Retinal to lateral geniculate to V1 to V2 to medial temporal cortex to posterior parietal cortex 
E)  Retina to V1 to V2 to lateral geniculate to posterior parietal cortex to medial temporal cortex

Question 7

Regardless of the context, angle, size, color, lighting, or clarity of an image of an object, we are still able to recognize that object. This is because the inferotemporal cortex

Accepted Answer

A)  keeps a record of all possible permutations of the aforementioned properties of an object. 
B)  is able to dynamically change the activity of its many neuronal subsets, depending on the version of the object that is presented. 
C)  is highly plastic and is able to change its cortical volume, depending of the version of the object that is presented. 
D)  is able to increase its firing rate of a subset of ITC neurons indefinitely while decreasing the firing rate of other subsets every time a new version of the same object is presented. 
E)  is able to lower its firing rate or adapt, as long as none of the many versions of the same object does not stray too far from the percept of what the object is supposed to be. 
A)  keeps a record of all possible permutations of the aforementioned properties of an object. 
B)  is able to dynamically change the activity of its many neuronal subsets, depending on the version of the object that is presented. 
C)  is highly plastic and is able to change its cortical volume, depending of the version of the object that is presented. 
D)  is able to increase its firing rate of a subset of ITC neurons indefinitely while decreasing the firing rate of other subsets every time a new version of the same object is presented. 
E)  is able to lower its firing rate or adapt, as long as none of the many versions of the same object does not stray too far from the percept of what the object is supposed to be.

Question 8

Neuronal firing rate of S1 neurons at the baseline stimulus of 20 Hz, meant that the monkey judged the comparison frequency as being different from the former approximately _______ of the time.

Accepted Answer

A)  10 % 
B)  20 % 
C)  40 % 
D)  80 % 
E)  100 % 
A)  10 % 
B)  20 % 
C)  40 % 
D)  80 % 
E)  100 %

Question 9

What is a common clinical evaluation most people undergo that is analogous to the intracortical processing for tactile stimuli described in the text?

Accepted Answer

When an optometrist determines a patient

Question 10

Although in Biology, teleological questions are difficult to answer, propose one possible reason for why the brain has invested so much in visual recognition of faces.

Accepted Answer

Humans are genetically programmed to pla

Question 11

Propose an equation that describes the choice probability index (CPI).

Accepted Answer

The greater the saliency (meaningfulness

Question 12

In the vibrational comparison task, monkeys were to discriminate between two different stimuli frequencies applied to a fingertip. The greater the _______ between the baseline and a test stimulus, the better the performance.

Accepted Answer

A)  difference 
B)  magnitude 
C)  intensity 
D)  difference in type of stimulus 
E)  difference in origin of stimulus 
A)  difference 
B)  magnitude 
C)  intensity 
D)  difference in type of stimulus 
E)  difference in origin of stimulus

Question 13

If an associated cortex that is served by both visual and tactile sensory input is damaged, what will be the probable result?

Accepted Answer

A)  Retrograde damage into the somatosensory cortex will occur. 
B)  Retrograde damage into V1 cortex will occur. 
C)  Retrograde damage into both the somatosensory and V1 cortices will occur. 
D)  The animal will not be able to make sense (create a mental representation) of the stimuli if the damage occurred before exposure to the stimuli. 
E)  The animal will still be able to draw on memories of earlier representations of the stimuli before the damage occurred, and, therefore, the appropriate behavioral response will still occur40 
A)  Retrograde damage into the somatosensory cortex will occur. 
B)  Retrograde damage into V1 cortex will occur. 
C)  Retrograde damage into both the somatosensory and V1 cortices will occur. 
D)  The animal will not be able to make sense (create a mental representation) of the stimuli if the damage occurred before exposure to the stimuli. 
E)  The animal will still be able to draw on memories of earlier representations of the stimuli before the damage occurred, and, therefore, the appropriate behavioral response will still occur40

Question 14

Drawing attention to a familiar face in a complex scene of people milling about in a natural setting, such as a woody glen, will activate the

Accepted Answer

A)  V1. 
B)  V2. 
C)  inferotemporal cortex. 
D)  fusiform face area. 
E)  parahippocampal place area. 
A)  V1. 
B)  V2. 
C)  inferotemporal cortex. 
D)  fusiform face area. 
E)  parahippocampal place area.

Question 15

Monkeys are made to track a moving red dot as a stimulus when they were electrically microstimulated during presentation of the sample stimulus during a pre-determined period. Recordings of the _______ of medial temporal neurons were made in any one of four orthogonal directions (Cartesian coordinates).

Accepted Answer

A)  calcium currents 
B)  dendritic arborizations 
C)  firing rate 
D)  neurotransmitter release rate 
E)  excitatory postsynaptic potentials 
A)  calcium currents 
B)  dendritic arborizations 
C)  firing rate 
D)  neurotransmitter release rate 
E)  excitatory postsynaptic potentials

Question 16

What is the main function of the association cortex?

Accepted Answer

There are several and usually border two

Question 17

Medial temporal neurons compute direction of motion using vectors, which are

Accepted Answer

A)  added geometrically. 
B)  added algebraically. 
C)  added arithmetically (which also involves subtraction). 
D)  added by any means, depending on the distance travelled by the moving object. 
E)  not really known-this knowledge requires complex cellular studies on M cells in the medial temporal cortex. 
A)  added geometrically. 
B)  added algebraically. 
C)  added arithmetically (which also involves subtraction). 
D)  added by any means, depending on the distance travelled by the moving object. 
E)  not really known-this knowledge requires complex cellular studies on M cells in the medial temporal cortex.

Question 18

An image that is flashed in front of a subject for as briefly as 50 ms is still enough time for the subject to extract from it meaningful information, the amount and quality of which, depend on

Accepted Answer

A)  the familiarity of the image. 
B)  the size of the image. 
C)  the complexity of the image. 
D)  whether the image is that of a natural (e.g., a chicken in a field) or unnatural (e.g., a chicken in a cage) theme. 
E)  the relevancy of the image (e.g., a scene of a soccer match shown to someone who has no interest in sports). 
A)  the familiarity of the image. 
B)  the size of the image. 
C)  the complexity of the image. 
D)  whether the image is that of a natural (e.g., a chicken in a field) or unnatural (e.g., a chicken in a cage) theme. 
E)  the relevancy of the image (e.g., a scene of a soccer match shown to someone who has no interest in sports).

Question 19

In ambiguous visual images, such as "Rubin's Vase," shown in the text, most people can recognize the faces in the image. Propose an explanation for why some people do not recognize the faces first, but rather, see the vase first, even after some prodding.

Accepted Answer

It is possible that in these p

Question 20

How could one apply a vibrational comparison-type experiment to diagnose a medical problem?

Accepted Answer

Any condition in which there is lack of

Exam 25: Constructing Perception

What is one probable function of the parahippocampal place area (PPA) in the recognition of faces?

The final structure in which an image is consolidated and recognized as being familiar or not occurs in the

Besides varying the comparison frequency with respect to the baseline frequency, what other parameter is a valid measure of the subject being able to discriminate between presentation of the baseline and comparison frequencies?

The neuronal indication that the monkey is deciding how much two different stimuli (frequencies) differ is indicated by

The parahippocampal place area (PPA) is a cortical extension of the _______, a limbic structure involved in memory and spatial navigation.

Which of the following pathways is critical for the ability to detect motion?

Regardless of the context, angle, size, color, lighting, or clarity of an image of an object, we are still able to recognize that object. This is because the inferotemporal cortex

Neuronal firing rate of S1 neurons at the baseline stimulus of 20 Hz, meant that the monkey judged the comparison frequency as being different from the former approximately _______ of the time.

What is a common clinical evaluation most people undergo that is analogous to the intracortical processing for tactile stimuli described in the text?

Although in Biology, teleological questions are difficult to answer, propose one possible reason for why the brain has invested so much in visual recognition of faces.

Propose an equation that describes the choice probability index (CPI).

In the vibrational comparison task, monkeys were to discriminate between two different stimuli frequencies applied to a fingertip. The greater the _______ between the baseline and a test stimulus, the better the performance.

If an associated cortex that is served by both visual and tactile sensory input is damaged, what will be the probable result?

Drawing attention to a familiar face in a complex scene of people milling about in a natural setting, such as a woody glen, will activate the

What is the main function of the association cortex?

Medial temporal neurons compute direction of motion using vectors, which are

An image that is flashed in front of a subject for as briefly as 50 ms is still enough time for the subject to extract from it meaningful information, the amount and quality of which, depend on

In ambiguous visual images, such as "Rubin's Vase," shown in the text, most people can recognize the faces in the image. Propose an explanation for why some people do not recognize the faces first, but rather, see the vase first, even after some prodding.

How could one apply a vibrational comparison-type experiment to diagnose a medical problem?

Principles of Signaling and Organization

Signaling in the Visual System

Functional Architecture of the Visual Cortex

Ion Channels and Signaling

Structure of Ion Channels

Ionic Basis of the Resting Potential

Ionic Basis of the Action Potential

Electrical Signaling in Neurons

Ion Transport Across Cell Membranes

Properties and Functions of Neuroglial Cells

Mechanisms of Direct Synaptic Transmission

Indirect Mechanisms of Synaptic Transmission

Release of Neurotransmitters

Neurotransmitters in the Central Nervous System

Transmitter Synthesis, Storage, Transport, and Inactivation

Synaptic Plasticity

The Molecular and Cellular Biology of Synaptic Plasticity

Mechanisms of Extrasynaptic Communication

Autonomic Nervous System

Walking, Flying, and Swimming: Cellular Mechanisms of Sensorimotor Behavior in Invertebrates

Sensory Transduction

Transduction and Transmission in the Retina

Touch, Pain, and Texture Sensation

Auditory and Vestibular Sensation

Initiation and Control of Coordinated Muscular Movements

Development of the Nervous System

Critical Periods in Sensory Systems

Regeneration and Repair of Synaptic Connections After Injury

Appendix

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