Question 1

Which statement about receptive fields is true?

Accepted Answer

A)  Receptive fields are only found primates. 
B)  Receptive fields are only found in relation to rods. 
C)  Receptive fields come in only two varieties. 
D)  Receptive fields tell the brain about patterns of light and dark. 
E)  Receptive fields are only found in invertebrates. 
A)  Receptive fields are only found primates. 
B)  Receptive fields are only found in relation to rods. 
C)  Receptive fields come in only two varieties. 
D)  Receptive fields tell the brain about patterns of light and dark. 
E)  Receptive fields are only found in invertebrates.

Question 2

Which ganglion cell type is most likely to respond to a moving black circle shown in the periphery of vision?

Accepted Answer

A)  Koniocellular (K) 
B)  Parvocellular (P) 
C)  Amacrine (
A)  
D)  Long (L) 
E)  Magnocellular (M) 
A)  Koniocellular (K) 
B)  Parvocellular (P) 
C)  Amacrine (
A)  
D)  Long (L) 
E)  Magnocellular (M)

Question 3

Describe what happens to the pigment rhodopsin when a photon of light hits it.

Accepted Answer

The shape of rhodopsin changes

Question 4

Density and connectivity of rods is highest in the periphery, just outside of the fovea. What is one consequence of this configuration?

Accepted Answer

A)  Color vision is most clear in the periphery. 
B)  Vision in dim light is most clear in the periphery. 
C)  Vision in dim light is most clear in the fovea. 
D)  Color vision is most clear in the fovea. 
E)  Color vision is just as clear in the fovea as in the periphery. 
A)  Color vision is most clear in the periphery. 
B)  Vision in dim light is most clear in the periphery. 
C)  Vision in dim light is most clear in the fovea. 
D)  Color vision is most clear in the fovea. 
E)  Color vision is just as clear in the fovea as in the periphery.

Question 5

In response to light in the surround of their receptive fields, H bipolar cells are _______, while D bipolar cells are _______.

Accepted Answer

A)  unaffected; hyperpolarized 
B)  depolarized; hyperpolarized 
C)  depolarized; depolarized 
D)  hyperpolarized; depolarized 
E)  hyperpolarized; unaffected 
A)  unaffected; hyperpolarized 
B)  depolarized; hyperpolarized 
C)  depolarized; depolarized 
D)  hyperpolarized; depolarized 
E)  hyperpolarized; unaffected

Question 6

Specialized cells called ______ can respond to light directly, rather than only through a signaling cascade from rods and cones.

Accepted Answer

A)  parvocellular rods 
B)  midget ganglion cells 
C)  melanopsin sensitive bipolar cells 
D)  retinal photosensitive horizontal cells 
E)  intrinsically photosensitive retinal ganglion cells 
A)  parvocellular rods 
B)  midget ganglion cells 
C)  melanopsin sensitive bipolar cells 
D)  retinal photosensitive horizontal cells 
E)  intrinsically photosensitive retinal ganglion cells

Question 7

What do cone and rod pigments have in common?

Accepted Answer

A)  They are all found in extracellular space. 
B)  They are all made up of the same amino acids. 
C)  They all contain 11-cis retinal. 
D)  They are all equally sensitive to light. 
E)  They are all found in the inner segment. 
A)  They are all found in extracellular space. 
B)  They are all made up of the same amino acids. 
C)  They all contain 11-cis retinal. 
D)  They are all equally sensitive to light. 
E)  They are all found in the inner segment.

Question 8

Rods synapse with _______, which in turn synapse with _______.

Accepted Answer

A)  hyperpolarizing (H) bipolar cells; amacrine type II (AII) amacrine cells 
B)  amacrine type II (AII) cells; depolarizing (
D)  bipolar cells 
C)  hyperpolarizing (H) bipolar cells; depolarizing (
D)  bipolar cells 
D)  depolarizing (
D)  bipolar cells; horizontal cells 
E)  depolarizing (
D)  bipolar cells; amacrine type II (AII) cells 
A)  hyperpolarizing (H) bipolar cells; amacrine type II (AII) amacrine cells 
B)  amacrine type II (AII) cells; depolarizing (
D)  bipolar cells 
C)  hyperpolarizing (H) bipolar cells; depolarizing (
D)  bipolar cells 
D)  depolarizing (
D)  bipolar cells; horizontal cells 
E)  depolarizing (
D)  bipolar cells; amacrine type II (AII) cells

Question 9

Your grandfather is telling a story about how when he was camping in the northern part of Canada, he saw a black bear one night that was "as big as a grizzly." Knowing that black bears are usually a fraction of the size of a grizzly, how might you respond to this story?

Accepted Answer

I might tell my grandfather that at nigh

Question 10

Using 1-2 sentences, describe how the three different types of cones contribute to color vision in humans.

Accepted Answer

Different cones respond to dif

Question 11

The hydrolyzation of cyclic guanosine monophosphate (cGMP) is caused by the interaction between transducin and which molecule?

Accepted Answer

A)  Metarhodopsin I 
B)  Metarhodopsin II 
C)  Thodopsin 
D)  11-cis retinal 
E)  All-trans retinal 
A)  Metarhodopsin I 
B)  Metarhodopsin II 
C)  Thodopsin 
D)  11-cis retinal 
E)  All-trans retinal

Question 12

Photoreceptors, horizontal, and bipolar cells generate _______ ganglion cells and amacrine cells generate _______.

Accepted Answer

A)  action potentials; action potentials 
B)  graded local potentials; graded local potentials 
C)  action potentials; graded local potentials 
D)  graded local potentials; calcium cascades 
E)  graded local potentials; action potentials 
A)  action potentials; action potentials 
B)  graded local potentials; graded local potentials 
C)  action potentials; graded local potentials 
D)  graded local potentials; calcium cascades 
E)  graded local potentials; action potentials

Question 13

Reduced concentrations of the molecule cGMP causes channels in the cell membrane of photoreceptors to _______, which _______ the cell.

Accepted Answer

A)  open; hyperpolarizes 
B)  open; depolarizes 
C)  form; hyperpolarizes 
D)  close; hyperpolarizes 
E)  close; depolarizes 
A)  open; hyperpolarizes 
B)  open; depolarizes 
C)  form; hyperpolarizes 
D)  close; hyperpolarizes 
E)  close; depolarizes

Question 14

Which type(s) of cell receive(s) input directly from cones?

Accepted Answer

A)  Depolarizing bipolar cell 
B)  Hyperpolarizing bipolar cell 
C)  Both depolarizing and hyperpolarizing bipolar cells 
D)  Ganglion cell 
E)  Amacrine type II (AII) cell 
A)  Depolarizing bipolar cell 
B)  Hyperpolarizing bipolar cell 
C)  Both depolarizing and hyperpolarizing bipolar cells 
D)  Ganglion cell 
E)  Amacrine type II (AII) cell

Question 15

There are three main categories of regional ganglion cells. Name the three types and give an example of the information they carry.

Accepted Answer

Magnocellular (M) cells carry informatio

Exam 22: Transduction and Transmission in the Retina

Which statement about receptive fields is true?

Which ganglion cell type is most likely to respond to a moving black circle shown in the periphery of vision?

Describe what happens to the pigment rhodopsin when a photon of light hits it.

Density and connectivity of rods is highest in the periphery, just outside of the fovea. What is one consequence of this configuration?

In response to light in the surround of their receptive fields, H bipolar cells are _______, while D bipolar cells are _______.

Specialized cells called ______ can respond to light directly, rather than only through a signaling cascade from rods and cones.

What do cone and rod pigments have in common?

Rods synapse with _______, which in turn synapse with _______.

Your grandfather is telling a story about how when he was camping in the northern part of Canada, he saw a black bear one night that was "as big as a grizzly." Knowing that black bears are usually a fraction of the size of a grizzly, how might you respond to this story?

Using 1-2 sentences, describe how the three different types of cones contribute to color vision in humans.

The hydrolyzation of cyclic guanosine monophosphate (cGMP) is caused by the interaction between transducin and which molecule?

Photoreceptors, horizontal, and bipolar cells generate _______ ganglion cells and amacrine cells generate _______.

Reduced concentrations of the molecule cGMP causes channels in the cell membrane of photoreceptors to _______, which _______ the cell.

Which type(s) of cell receive(s) input directly from cones?

There are three main categories of regional ganglion cells. Name the three types and give an example of the information they carry.

Principles of Signaling and Organization

Signaling in the Visual System

Functional Architecture of the Visual Cortex

Ion Channels and Signaling

Structure of Ion Channels

Ionic Basis of the Resting Potential

Ionic Basis of the Action Potential

Electrical Signaling in Neurons

Ion Transport Across Cell Membranes

Properties and Functions of Neuroglial Cells

Mechanisms of Direct Synaptic Transmission

Indirect Mechanisms of Synaptic Transmission

Release of Neurotransmitters

Neurotransmitters in the Central Nervous System

Transmitter Synthesis, Storage, Transport, and Inactivation

Synaptic Plasticity

The Molecular and Cellular Biology of Synaptic Plasticity

Mechanisms of Extrasynaptic Communication

Autonomic Nervous System

Walking, Flying, and Swimming: Cellular Mechanisms of Sensorimotor Behavior in Invertebrates

Sensory Transduction

Touch, Pain, and Texture Sensation

Auditory and Vestibular Sensation

Constructing Perception

Initiation and Control of Coordinated Muscular Movements

Development of the Nervous System

Critical Periods in Sensory Systems

Regeneration and Repair of Synaptic Connections After Injury

Appendix

Filters

In response to light in the surround of their receptive fields, H bipolar cells are _, while D bipolar cells are _.

Rods synapse with _, which in turn synapse with _.

Photoreceptors, horizontal, and bipolar cells generate _ ganglion cells and amacrine cells generate _.

Reduced concentrations of the molecule cGMP causes channels in the cell membrane of photoreceptors to _, which _ the cell.