Question 1

How does the function of melatonin in humans compare with its function in other species?

Accepted Answer

In humans, melatonin helps to regulate s

Question 2

The PER protein is involved in the function of

Accepted Answer

A)  maintaining circadian rhythms. 
B)  maintaining blood pressure. 
C)  regulating body weight. 
D)  opening M-channels. 
E)  hypothalamic regulation. 
A)  maintaining circadian rhythms. 
B)  maintaining blood pressure. 
C)  regulating body weight. 
D)  opening M-channels. 
E)  hypothalamic regulation.

Question 3

One major mechanism by which the hypothalamus effects hormone secretion is releasing

Accepted Answer

A)  Ach into the pituitary. 
B)  NE into the bloodstream. 
C)  melatonin into the SCN. 
D)  GnRH into the pituitary. 
E)  NE into the sympathetic ganglia. 
A)  Ach into the pituitary. 
B)  NE into the bloodstream. 
C)  melatonin into the SCN. 
D)  GnRH into the pituitary. 
E)  NE into the sympathetic ganglia.

Question 4

Give two examples of pathways by which the hypothalamus can stimulate hormone release.

Accepted Answer

Once example is circadian rhythms, when

Question 5

The hypothalamus controls functions such as

Accepted Answer

A)  body temperature, appetite, heart rate, and growth. 
B)  coordination of complex skeletal motor activity. 
C)  emotions and empathy. 
D)  language comprehension and production. 
E)  fear and aggression. 
A)  body temperature, appetite, heart rate, and growth. 
B)  coordination of complex skeletal motor activity. 
C)  emotions and empathy. 
D)  language comprehension and production. 
E)  fear and aggression.

Question 6

Ephedrine is a drug that affects the nervous system similarly to epinephrine. Knowing this, you would expect a person taking ephedrine to experience

Accepted Answer

A)  symptoms such as reduced blood pressure, increased gut motility, and pupillary constriction. 
B)  symptoms such as increased blood pressure, reduced gut motility, and pupillary dilation. 
C)  a disruption of circadian rhythms. 
D)  increased appetite and/or overeating. 
E)  loss of muscular coordination. 
A)  symptoms such as reduced blood pressure, increased gut motility, and pupillary constriction. 
B)  symptoms such as increased blood pressure, reduced gut motility, and pupillary dilation. 
C)  a disruption of circadian rhythms. 
D)  increased appetite and/or overeating. 
E)  loss of muscular coordination.

Question 7

Compared to the sympathetic nervous system, the parasympathetic system

Accepted Answer

A)  has a more general, widespread effect on the body. 
B)  has more focused, selective effects. 
C)  is more directly under voluntary control. 
D)  is less directly under voluntary control. 
E)  tends to be associated with emotions. 
A)  has a more general, widespread effect on the body. 
B)  has more focused, selective effects. 
C)  is more directly under voluntary control. 
D)  is less directly under voluntary control. 
E)  tends to be associated with emotions.

Question 8

Myelination of neurons in the autonomic nervous system is generally

Accepted Answer

A)  present in the sympathetic nervous system, with parasympathetic neurons being unmyelinated. 
B)  absent, with most neurons being unmyelinated. 
C)  present on preganglionic neurons, with postganglionic neurons being unmyelinated. 
D)  present on postganglionic neurons, with preganglionic neurons being unmyelinated. 
E)  present on both preganglionic and postganglionic neurons 
A)  present in the sympathetic nervous system, with parasympathetic neurons being unmyelinated. 
B)  absent, with most neurons being unmyelinated. 
C)  present on preganglionic neurons, with postganglionic neurons being unmyelinated. 
D)  present on postganglionic neurons, with preganglionic neurons being unmyelinated. 
E)  present on both preganglionic and postganglionic neurons

Question 9

M-currents are involved in a(n)

Accepted Answer

A)  fast, direct excitatory potential in post-ganglionic autonomic neurons. 
B)  slow, long-lasting depolarization in post-ganglionic autonomic neurons. 
C)  fast, direct inhibitory potential in post-ganglionic autonomic neurons. 
D)  slow, long-lasting hyperpolarization in post-ganglionic autonomic neurons. 
E)  initiation of long-term potentiation in post-ganglionic autonomic neurons. 
A)  fast, direct excitatory potential in post-ganglionic autonomic neurons. 
B)  slow, long-lasting depolarization in post-ganglionic autonomic neurons. 
C)  fast, direct inhibitory potential in post-ganglionic autonomic neurons. 
D)  slow, long-lasting hyperpolarization in post-ganglionic autonomic neurons. 
E)  initiation of long-term potentiation in post-ganglionic autonomic neurons.

Question 10

ATP is a major neurotransmitter in the

Accepted Answer

A)  sympathetic nervous system. 
B)  parasympathetic nervous system. 
C)  neuromuscular junction. 
D)  M-channel synapses. 
E)  adrenal medulla. 
A)  sympathetic nervous system. 
B)  parasympathetic nervous system. 
C)  neuromuscular junction. 
D)  M-channel synapses. 
E)  adrenal medulla.

Question 11

The sensory input that entrains the day/night cycle come from the

Accepted Answer

A)  specialized photoreceptive ganglion cells in the visual system. 
B)  rods in the retina. 
C)  pineal gland. 
D)  lateral geniculate nucleus. 
E)  paraventricular nucleus. 
A)  specialized photoreceptive ganglion cells in the visual system. 
B)  rods in the retina. 
C)  pineal gland. 
D)  lateral geniculate nucleus. 
E)  paraventricular nucleus.

Question 12

Excessive feeding _______; while starvation _______.

Accepted Answer

A)  activates the hypothalamus; inhibits the hypothalamus 
B)  stimulates GnRH; stimulates LHRH 
C)  inhibits melatonin; stimulates melatonin 
D)  increases leptin; decreases leptin 
E)  releases GABA; releases norepinephrine 
A)  activates the hypothalamus; inhibits the hypothalamus 
B)  stimulates GnRH; stimulates LHRH 
C)  inhibits melatonin; stimulates melatonin 
D)  increases leptin; decreases leptin 
E)  releases GABA; releases norepinephrine

Question 13

The region of the brain that is closely involved in regulation of the autonomic nervous system is the

Accepted Answer

A)  hippocampus. 
B)  hypothalamus. 
C)  amygdala. 
D)  cerebellum. 
E)  limbic system. 
A)  hippocampus. 
B)  hypothalamus. 
C)  amygdala. 
D)  cerebellum. 
E)  limbic system.

Question 14

Communication from the hypothalamus to the pituitary occurs through

Accepted Answer

A)  both hormone release and direct innervation by the hypothalamus. 
B)  release of melatonin by the hypothalamus. 
C)  purinergic transmission. 
D)  a sympathetic ganglion. 
E)  M-currents. 
A)  both hormone release and direct innervation by the hypothalamus. 
B)  release of melatonin by the hypothalamus. 
C)  purinergic transmission. 
D)  a sympathetic ganglion. 
E)  M-currents.

Question 15

If retinal rod and cone cells are inactivated

Accepted Answer

A)  circadian rhythms are abolished. 
B)  circadian rhythm cycles become longer. 
C)  circadian rhythm cycles become shorter. 
D)  animals behave as though they are constantly in the "night," or dark, cycle. 
E)  circadian rhythms can still be entrained. 
A)  circadian rhythms are abolished. 
B)  circadian rhythm cycles become longer. 
C)  circadian rhythm cycles become shorter. 
D)  animals behave as though they are constantly in the "night," or dark, cycle. 
E)  circadian rhythms can still be entrained.

Question 16

The structure in the brain that serves as an 'internal clock' for circadian rhythms is the

Accepted Answer

A)  periaqueductal grey. 
B)  photo-optic ganglion. 
C)  hypothalamus. 
D)  pineal gland. 
E)  suprachiasmatic nucleus. 
A)  periaqueductal grey. 
B)  photo-optic ganglion. 
C)  hypothalamus. 
D)  pineal gland. 
E)  suprachiasmatic nucleus.

Question 17

The enteric nervous system is still not well understood because

Accepted Answer

A)  scientists have only recently begun to study its function. 
B)  the human enteric nervous system does not resemble that of any other species. 
C)  it contains an extremely large number of densely interconnected neural circuits. 
D)  electrical recordings cannot be used on these neurons. 
E)  it uses a different set of neurotransmitters than those found elsewhere. 
A)  scientists have only recently begun to study its function. 
B)  the human enteric nervous system does not resemble that of any other species. 
C)  it contains an extremely large number of densely interconnected neural circuits. 
D)  electrical recordings cannot be used on these neurons. 
E)  it uses a different set of neurotransmitters than those found elsewhere.

Question 18

In frogs, excitatory signaling in autonomic ganglion cells appears to be controlled by

Accepted Answer

A)  neuropeptide Y and glutamate. 
B)  norepinephrine and gonadotropin-releasing hormone. 
C)  acetylcholine and nicotine. 
D)  glutamate and epinephrine. 
E)  acetylcholine and luteinizing hormone releasing hormone. 
A)  neuropeptide Y and glutamate. 
B)  norepinephrine and gonadotropin-releasing hormone. 
C)  acetylcholine and nicotine. 
D)  glutamate and epinephrine. 
E)  acetylcholine and luteinizing hormone releasing hormone.

Question 19

Explain how fast, direct transmission occurs in autonomic ganglia. Include the main neurotransmitter, receptor types, and effects on receptors.

Accepted Answer

An action potential in the preganglionic

Question 20

The enteric nervous system

Accepted Answer

A)  is a useful model system because it is very simple with only a few neurons. 
B)  consists almost entirely of sensory neurons. 
C)  consists almost entirely of motor neurons. 
D)  contains all known neurotransmitters. 
E)  is fully understood in the lobster but not yet in humans. 
A)  is a useful model system because it is very simple with only a few neurons. 
B)  consists almost entirely of sensory neurons. 
C)  consists almost entirely of motor neurons. 
D)  contains all known neurotransmitters. 
E)  is fully understood in the lobster but not yet in humans.

Exam 19: Autonomic Nervous System

How does the function of melatonin in humans compare with its function in other species?

The PER protein is involved in the function of

One major mechanism by which the hypothalamus effects hormone secretion is releasing

Give two examples of pathways by which the hypothalamus can stimulate hormone release.

The hypothalamus controls functions such as

Ephedrine is a drug that affects the nervous system similarly to epinephrine. Knowing this, you would expect a person taking ephedrine to experience

Compared to the sympathetic nervous system, the parasympathetic system

Myelination of neurons in the autonomic nervous system is generally

M-currents are involved in a(n)

ATP is a major neurotransmitter in the

The sensory input that entrains the day/night cycle come from the

Excessive feeding _______; while starvation _______.

The region of the brain that is closely involved in regulation of the autonomic nervous system is the

Communication from the hypothalamus to the pituitary occurs through

If retinal rod and cone cells are inactivated

The structure in the brain that serves as an 'internal clock' for circadian rhythms is the

The enteric nervous system is still not well understood because

In frogs, excitatory signaling in autonomic ganglion cells appears to be controlled by

Explain how fast, direct transmission occurs in autonomic ganglia. Include the main neurotransmitter, receptor types, and effects on receptors.

The enteric nervous system

Principles of Signaling and Organization

Signaling in the Visual System

Functional Architecture of the Visual Cortex

Ion Channels and Signaling

Structure of Ion Channels

Ionic Basis of the Resting Potential

Ionic Basis of the Action Potential

Electrical Signaling in Neurons

Ion Transport Across Cell Membranes

Properties and Functions of Neuroglial Cells

Mechanisms of Direct Synaptic Transmission

Indirect Mechanisms of Synaptic Transmission

Release of Neurotransmitters

Neurotransmitters in the Central Nervous System

Transmitter Synthesis, Storage, Transport, and Inactivation

Synaptic Plasticity

The Molecular and Cellular Biology of Synaptic Plasticity

Mechanisms of Extrasynaptic Communication

Walking, Flying, and Swimming: Cellular Mechanisms of Sensorimotor Behavior in Invertebrates

Sensory Transduction

Transduction and Transmission in the Retina

Touch, Pain, and Texture Sensation

Auditory and Vestibular Sensation

Constructing Perception

Initiation and Control of Coordinated Muscular Movements

Development of the Nervous System

Critical Periods in Sensory Systems

Regeneration and Repair of Synaptic Connections After Injury

Appendix

Filters

Excessive feeding _; while starvation _.