Question 1

Electrical stimulation of leech Retzius neurons leads to

Accepted Answer

A)  exocytosis, but only with low frequency stimulation (e.g., 1 Hz). 
B)  transport of vesicles to the plasma membrane, but only with high-frequency stimulation (e.g., 20 Hz). 
C)  exocytosis that is independent of the frequency of stimulation. 
D)  opening of calcium channels, but only with low frequency stimulation (e.g., 1 Hz). 
E)  inactivation of calcium channels that is independent of the frequency of stimulation. 
A)  exocytosis, but only with low frequency stimulation (e.g., 1 Hz). 
B)  transport of vesicles to the plasma membrane, but only with high-frequency stimulation (e.g., 20 Hz). 
C)  exocytosis that is independent of the frequency of stimulation. 
D)  opening of calcium channels, but only with low frequency stimulation (e.g., 1 Hz). 
E)  inactivation of calcium channels that is independent of the frequency of stimulation.

Question 2

Ependymal cells are primarily found

Accepted Answer

A)  lining the central canal of the spinal cord and the ventricles. 
B)  in the retina. 
C)  in the hypothalamus. 
D)  in the leech abdomen. 
E)  in the drosophila neuromuscular junction. 
A)  lining the central canal of the spinal cord and the ventricles. 
B)  in the retina. 
C)  in the hypothalamus. 
D)  in the leech abdomen. 
E)  in the drosophila neuromuscular junction.

Question 3

In the somatic release sites of leech Retzius neurons, when exocytosis is not occurring,

Accepted Answer

A)  dense-core vesicles are linked to the plasma membrane by microtubules. 
B)  clear vesicles are stored in the nucleus until they are needed for exocytosis. 
C)  both dense-core and clear vesicles are docked on structures along the cell membrane. 
D)  dense-core vesicles and mitochondria are clustered along the inside of the cell membrane. 
E)  multivesicular bodies are stored in the nucleus until they are needed for exocytosis. 
A)  dense-core vesicles are linked to the plasma membrane by microtubules. 
B)  clear vesicles are stored in the nucleus until they are needed for exocytosis. 
C)  both dense-core and clear vesicles are docked on structures along the cell membrane. 
D)  dense-core vesicles and mitochondria are clustered along the inside of the cell membrane. 
E)  multivesicular bodies are stored in the nucleus until they are needed for exocytosis.

Question 4

Unlike the recycling of vesicles at synapses, recycling of vesicles for somatic exocytosis

Accepted Answer

A)  occurs in the Golgi apparatus. 
B)  occurs in the endoplasmic reticulum. 
C)  occurs in the extracellular space. 
D)  does not occur. 
E)  while docked at the plasma membrane. 
A)  occurs in the Golgi apparatus. 
B)  occurs in the endoplasmic reticulum. 
C)  occurs in the extracellular space. 
D)  does not occur. 
E)  while docked at the plasma membrane.

Question 5

Which of the sequences below best characterizes the sequence of events for somatic exocytosis in the leech Retzius neuron?

Accepted Answer

A)  Transport of vesicles to plasma membrane; fast calcium transient; exocytosis; internal calcium release 
B)  Fast calcium transient; transport of vesicles to plasma membrane; internal calcium release; exocytosis 
C)  Internal calcium release; transport of vesicles to plasma membrane; exocytosis; fast calcium transient 
D)  Fast calcium transient; internal calcium release; transport of vesicles to plasma membrane; exocytosis 
E)  Internal calcium release; fast calcium transient; transport of vesicles to plasma membrane; exocytosis 
A)  Transport of vesicles to plasma membrane; fast calcium transient; exocytosis; internal calcium release 
B)  Fast calcium transient; transport of vesicles to plasma membrane; internal calcium release; exocytosis 
C)  Internal calcium release; transport of vesicles to plasma membrane; exocytosis; fast calcium transient 
D)  Fast calcium transient; internal calcium release; transport of vesicles to plasma membrane; exocytosis 
E)  Internal calcium release; fast calcium transient; transport of vesicles to plasma membrane; exocytosis

Question 6

ATP acts on these cells in order to produce vasodilation in the retina.

Accepted Answer

A)  Retzius neurons 
B)  Amacrine cells 
C)  Müller cells 
D)  Ependymal cells 
E)  Magnocellular neurons 
A)  Retzius neurons 
B)  Amacrine cells 
C)  Müller cells 
D)  Ependymal cells 
E)  Magnocellular neurons

Question 7

Describe the role of serotonin on aggressive displays by lobsters.

Accepted Answer

While aggressive behaviors can still be

Question 8

Briefly describe the function of extrasynaptic dopamine release in the retina.

Accepted Answer

Shining light onto the retina leads to e

Question 9

Somatic exocytosis in the leech Retzius neuron is produced by intracellular calcium that is released in response to

Accepted Answer

A)  dopamine. 
B)  acetylcholine. 
C)  octopamine. 
D)  serotonin. 
E)  oxytocin. 
A)  dopamine. 
B)  acetylcholine. 
C)  octopamine. 
D)  serotonin. 
E)  oxytocin.

Question 10

What are the three steps in the feedback loop that helps to maintain somatic exocytosis in leech Retzius neurons?

Accepted Answer

First, serotonin that was initially rele

Question 11

One result of the volume transmission method of extrasynaptic communication is that

Accepted Answer

A)  extrasynaptic communication happens more quickly than synaptic communication. 
B)  the effects occur after a time-lag based on the distance to the receptors. 
C)  neurotransmitter reuptake is more efficient than in synaptic communication. 
D)  neurotransmitters are not packaged in vesicles prior to release. 
E)  extrasynaptic communication produces fast negative feedback. 
A)  extrasynaptic communication happens more quickly than synaptic communication. 
B)  the effects occur after a time-lag based on the distance to the receptors. 
C)  neurotransmitter reuptake is more efficient than in synaptic communication. 
D)  neurotransmitters are not packaged in vesicles prior to release. 
E)  extrasynaptic communication produces fast negative feedback.

Question 12

Which of the options below is not a feature of one or more of the ependymal cell types?

Accepted Answer

A)  Cilia that help drive movement of the CSF 
B)  Production of CSF 
C)  End feet that wrap around capillaries 
D)  Endocytosis of molecules from the CSF 
E)  Projections that release molecules into the neuropil 
A)  Cilia that help drive movement of the CSF 
B)  Production of CSF 
C)  End feet that wrap around capillaries 
D)  Endocytosis of molecules from the CSF 
E)  Projections that release molecules into the neuropil

Question 13

Name two types of glial cells involved in extrasynaptic communication, and briefly explain what those cells do.

Accepted Answer

Müller cells in the retina are one kind

Question 14

In the leech Retzius neuron, the direct effect of the fast calcium transient is to

Accepted Answer

A)  open sodium channels. 
B)  inactivate potassium channels. 
C)  induce synthesis of ATP. 
D)  depolarize the neuron. 
E)  bind to NMDA receptors. 
A)  open sodium channels. 
B)  inactivate potassium channels. 
C)  induce synthesis of ATP. 
D)  depolarize the neuron. 
E)  bind to NMDA receptors.

Question 15

In the lobster aggression system, the function of serotonin is such that serotonin

Accepted Answer

A)  is not involved in aggressive behaviors in lobsters. 
B)  reduces the probability of any dominant or submissive behaviors. 
C)  increases the probability of a backward walking escape. 
D)  increases the strength and duration of dominant displays. 
E)  is required for any aggressive behaviors to be observed. 
A)  is not involved in aggressive behaviors in lobsters. 
B)  reduces the probability of any dominant or submissive behaviors. 
C)  increases the probability of a backward walking escape. 
D)  increases the strength and duration of dominant displays. 
E)  is required for any aggressive behaviors to be observed.

Question 16

The three processes contributing to the exchange of signaling molecules between the CSF and the CNS include: diffusion via perivascular pumping, selective uptake and release by neuronal structures, and

Accepted Answer

A)  cilial beating by Müller cells. 
B)  release of molecules into the blood stream. 
C)  diffusion over short distances. 
D)  endocytosis of molecules from the CSF. 
E)  somatic exocytosis. 
A)  cilial beating by Müller cells. 
B)  release of molecules into the blood stream. 
C)  diffusion over short distances. 
D)  endocytosis of molecules from the CSF. 
E)  somatic exocytosis.

Question 17

Transmitter spillover effects originate with

Accepted Answer

A)  glial cells. 
B)  leakage of neurotransmitter from somatic exocytosis. 
C)  leakage of neurotransmitter from synaptic exocytosis. 
D)  disintegration of extracellular vesicles. 
E)  blockade of calcium channels. 
A)  glial cells. 
B)  leakage of neurotransmitter from somatic exocytosis. 
C)  leakage of neurotransmitter from synaptic exocytosis. 
D)  disintegration of extracellular vesicles. 
E)  blockade of calcium channels.

Question 18

The movement of signaling molecules through the CSF represents one example of

Accepted Answer

A)  volume transmission. 
B)  synaptic transmission. 
C)  retrograde messaging. 
D)  second messenger systems. 
E)  extrasynaptic potentiation. 
A)  volume transmission. 
B)  synaptic transmission. 
C)  retrograde messaging. 
D)  second messenger systems. 
E)  extrasynaptic potentiation.

Question 19

What are the three ways that the CNS and CSF exchange signaling molecules?

Accepted Answer

The first way is simple diffusion over s

Question 20

Dopamine is able to shift light sensitivity in the visual system by communicating with

Accepted Answer

A)  optic nerve activity. 
B)  muscles regulating pupil constriction. 
C)  capillary dilation. 
D)  photoreceptors. 
E)  horizontal and amacrine cells. 
A)  optic nerve activity. 
B)  muscles regulating pupil constriction. 
C)  capillary dilation. 
D)  photoreceptors. 
E)  horizontal and amacrine cells.

Exam 18: Mechanisms of Extrasynaptic Communication

Electrical stimulation of leech Retzius neurons leads to

Ependymal cells are primarily found

In the somatic release sites of leech Retzius neurons, when exocytosis is not occurring,

Unlike the recycling of vesicles at synapses, recycling of vesicles for somatic exocytosis

Which of the sequences below best characterizes the sequence of events for somatic exocytosis in the leech Retzius neuron?

ATP acts on these cells in order to produce vasodilation in the retina.

Describe the role of serotonin on aggressive displays by lobsters.

Briefly describe the function of extrasynaptic dopamine release in the retina.

Somatic exocytosis in the leech Retzius neuron is produced by intracellular calcium that is released in response to

What are the three steps in the feedback loop that helps to maintain somatic exocytosis in leech Retzius neurons?

One result of the volume transmission method of extrasynaptic communication is that

Which of the options below is not a feature of one or more of the ependymal cell types?

Name two types of glial cells involved in extrasynaptic communication, and briefly explain what those cells do.

In the leech Retzius neuron, the direct effect of the fast calcium transient is to

In the lobster aggression system, the function of serotonin is such that serotonin

The three processes contributing to the exchange of signaling molecules between the CSF and the CNS include: diffusion via perivascular pumping, selective uptake and release by neuronal structures, and

Transmitter spillover effects originate with

The movement of signaling molecules through the CSF represents one example of

What are the three ways that the CNS and CSF exchange signaling molecules?

Dopamine is able to shift light sensitivity in the visual system by communicating with

Principles of Signaling and Organization

Signaling in the Visual System

Functional Architecture of the Visual Cortex

Ion Channels and Signaling

Structure of Ion Channels

Ionic Basis of the Resting Potential

Ionic Basis of the Action Potential

Electrical Signaling in Neurons

Ion Transport Across Cell Membranes

Properties and Functions of Neuroglial Cells

Mechanisms of Direct Synaptic Transmission

Indirect Mechanisms of Synaptic Transmission

Release of Neurotransmitters

Neurotransmitters in the Central Nervous System

Transmitter Synthesis, Storage, Transport, and Inactivation

Synaptic Plasticity

The Molecular and Cellular Biology of Synaptic Plasticity

Autonomic Nervous System

Walking, Flying, and Swimming: Cellular Mechanisms of Sensorimotor Behavior in Invertebrates

Sensory Transduction

Transduction and Transmission in the Retina

Touch, Pain, and Texture Sensation

Auditory and Vestibular Sensation

Constructing Perception

Initiation and Control of Coordinated Muscular Movements

Development of the Nervous System

Critical Periods in Sensory Systems

Regeneration and Repair of Synaptic Connections After Injury

Appendix

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