Question 1

Unlike low-molecular-weight neurotransmitters, peptides are synthesized

Accepted Answer

A)  on ribosomes. 
B)  inside of vesicles. 
C)  in the axon terminals. 
D)  outside of the CNS. 
E)  in the extracellular space. 
A)  on ribosomes. 
B)  inside of vesicles. 
C)  in the axon terminals. 
D)  outside of the CNS. 
E)  in the extracellular space.

Question 2

Feedback inhibition can be observed in the synthesis of norepinephrine through the

Accepted Answer

A)  inhibition of tyrosine hydroxylase by norepinephrine. 
B)  degradation of dopamine by DOPAC. 
C)  availability of dopamine F1F1F1S1F1F1F10-hydroxylase. 
D)  inhibition of AAAD by DOPA. 
E)  synthesis of norepinephrine by dopamine F1F1F1S1F1F1F10-hydroxylase. 
A)  inhibition of tyrosine hydroxylase by norepinephrine. 
B)  degradation of dopamine by DOPAC. 
C)  availability of dopamine F1F1F1S1F1F1F10-hydroxylase. 
D)  inhibition of AAAD by DOPA. 
E)  synthesis of norepinephrine by dopamine F1F1F1S1F1F1F10-hydroxylase.

Question 3

In the synthesis cycle of glutamate, an increase in the activity of glutaminase would be predicted to lead to a(n)

Accepted Answer

A)  increase in glutamate and a reduction in glutamine. 
B)  increase in glutamine and a reduction in glutamate. 
C)  increase in both glutamine and glutamate. 
D)  reduction in both glutamine and glutamate. 
E)  reduction in glutamate and no change in glutamine. 
A)  increase in glutamate and a reduction in glutamine. 
B)  increase in glutamine and a reduction in glutamate. 
C)  increase in both glutamine and glutamate. 
D)  reduction in both glutamine and glutamate. 
E)  reduction in glutamate and no change in glutamine.

Question 4

Imagine a hypothetical pathway in which precursor X and precursor Y are combined by enzyme Z in order to produce neurotransmitter XYZ. Which of the choices below would represent feedback inhibition?

Accepted Answer

A)  Increasing levels of X or of Y lead to a reduction in activity of enzyme Z. 
B)  Increasing levels of enzyme Z lead to an increase in levels of XYZ. 
C)  Increasing levels of enzyme Z lead to a reduction in availability of X and Y. 
D)  Increasing levels of XYZ lead to an increase in the availability of X. 
E)  Increasing levels of XYZ lead to a reduction in the activity of enzyme Z. 
A)  Increasing levels of X or of Y lead to a reduction in activity of enzyme Z. 
B)  Increasing levels of enzyme Z lead to an increase in levels of XYZ. 
C)  Increasing levels of enzyme Z lead to a reduction in availability of X and Y. 
D)  Increasing levels of XYZ lead to an increase in the availability of X. 
E)  Increasing levels of XYZ lead to a reduction in the activity of enzyme Z.

Question 5

Imagine a hypothetical pathway in which precursor X and precursor Y are combined by enzyme Z in order to produce neurotransmitter XYZ. You observe that as levels of XYZ increase in the cytoplasm, the activity of enzyme Z slows down. This is an example of

Accepted Answer

A)  positive feedback. 
B)  feedback inhibition. 
C)  retrograde transport. 
D)  anterograde synthesis. 
E)  a rate limiting step. 
A)  positive feedback. 
B)  feedback inhibition. 
C)  retrograde transport. 
D)  anterograde synthesis. 
E)  a rate limiting step.

Question 6

What are three mechanisms used to remove transmitter from the synaptic cleft?

Accepted Answer

The three mechanisms include d

Question 7

The functions of proteins such as VAChTs, VGLUT1, and VIAAT is to

Accepted Answer

A)  degrade neurotransmitters into simpler molecules. 
B)  transport vesicles along microtubules. 
C)  package neurotransmitters into vesicles. 
D)  synthesize neurotransmitters from precursors. 
E)  facilitate diffusion away from the synaptic cleft. 
A)  degrade neurotransmitters into simpler molecules. 
B)  transport vesicles along microtubules. 
C)  package neurotransmitters into vesicles. 
D)  synthesize neurotransmitters from precursors. 
E)  facilitate diffusion away from the synaptic cleft.

Question 8

Long-term changes to the rate of neurotransmitter synthesis can be observed in response to

Accepted Answer

A)  prolonged activation of the sympathetic nervous system due to stress. 
B)  availability of the neurotransmitter in the synaptic terminal. 
C)  availability of the neurotransmitter in the extracellular space. 
D)  chronic changes to glutamine availability in the diet. 
E)  changes in the composition of gut microbiota. 
A)  prolonged activation of the sympathetic nervous system due to stress. 
B)  availability of the neurotransmitter in the synaptic terminal. 
C)  availability of the neurotransmitter in the extracellular space. 
D)  chronic changes to glutamine availability in the diet. 
E)  changes in the composition of gut microbiota.

Question 9

The concentration or quantity of a neurotransmitter in each vesicle

Accepted Answer

A)  is constant across all neurons for a given neurotransmitter. 
B)  is constant for vesicles using a given transport protein. 
C)  may vary between neurons, but is constant within a neuron for a given neurotransmitter. 
D)  may vary based on availability of the transmitter and concentration of chloride ions. 
E)  may vary based on the availability of enzymes used in synthesis. 
A)  is constant across all neurons for a given neurotransmitter. 
B)  is constant for vesicles using a given transport protein. 
C)  may vary between neurons, but is constant within a neuron for a given neurotransmitter. 
D)  may vary based on availability of the transmitter and concentration of chloride ions. 
E)  may vary based on the availability of enzymes used in synthesis.

Question 10

The accumulation of ACh levels in a synaptic terminal is limited or reduced by increasing activity of

Accepted Answer

A)  ATP. 
B)  AcCoA. 
C)  AChE. 
D)  VAChT. 
E)  ChAT. 
A)  ATP. 
B)  AcCoA. 
C)  AChE. 
D)  VAChT. 
E)  ChAT.

Question 11

When animals are subjected to stress, prolonged activation of the sympathetic nervous system results in a(n)

Accepted Answer

A)  increase in production of enzymes that degrade neurotransmitters, such as MAO. 
B)  reduction in the numbers of enzymes that degrade neurotransmitters, such as ADH. 
C)  increase in production of enzymes used for neurotransmitter synthesis, such as TH. 
D)  increase in the numbers of enzymes used for neurotransmitter synthesis, such as ATPase. 
E)  increase in the availability of precursors such as tryptophan. 
A)  increase in production of enzymes that degrade neurotransmitters, such as MAO. 
B)  reduction in the numbers of enzymes that degrade neurotransmitters, such as ADH. 
C)  increase in production of enzymes used for neurotransmitter synthesis, such as TH. 
D)  increase in the numbers of enzymes used for neurotransmitter synthesis, such as ATPase. 
E)  increase in the availability of precursors such as tryptophan.

Question 12

Microtubules play an essential role in

Accepted Answer

A)  removing neurotransmitter from the synaptic cleft. 
B)  packaging neurotransmitters in vesicles. 
C)  axoplasmic flow. 
D)  fast axonal transport. 
E)  slow axonal transport. 
A)  removing neurotransmitter from the synaptic cleft. 
B)  packaging neurotransmitters in vesicles. 
C)  axoplasmic flow. 
D)  fast axonal transport. 
E)  slow axonal transport.

Question 13

Some of the proteins that are responsible for packaging neurotransmitters into vesicles bind to more type of molecule. Give an example of an effect of this nonspecificity.

Accepted Answer

One example of this nonspecificity is VI

Question 14

Acetylcholine is synthesized by _______ and degraded by _______.

Accepted Answer

A)  choline; ChAT 
B)  AChE; AcCoA 
C)  HC-3; AChE 
D)  ChAT; AChE 
E)  AcCoA; ChAT 
A)  choline; ChAT 
B)  AChE; AcCoA 
C)  HC-3; AChE 
D)  ChAT; AChE 
E)  AcCoA; ChAT

Question 15

Given what you know about the synthesis of acetylcholine, name two ingredients that could be added to a neuron in order to increase acetylcholine availability in the cell.

Accepted Answer

You could provide more of the

Question 16

Nictric oxide, carbon monoxide, and endocannabinoids are unusual among molecular messengers in that they are

Accepted Answer

A)  not synthesized by the body but are ingested directly. 
B)  synthesized in terminals but are not packaged into vesicles. 
C)  synthesized in the cell body rather than in axon terminals. 
D)  packaged in dense-core vesicles rather than synaptic vesicles. 
E)  packaged into vesicles containing multiple messengers. 
A)  not synthesized by the body but are ingested directly. 
B)  synthesized in terminals but are not packaged into vesicles. 
C)  synthesized in the cell body rather than in axon terminals. 
D)  packaged in dense-core vesicles rather than synaptic vesicles. 
E)  packaged into vesicles containing multiple messengers.

Exam 15: Transmitter Synthesis, Storage, Transport, and Inactivation

Unlike low-molecular-weight neurotransmitters, peptides are synthesized

Feedback inhibition can be observed in the synthesis of norepinephrine through the

In the synthesis cycle of glutamate, an increase in the activity of glutaminase would be predicted to lead to a(n)

Imagine a hypothetical pathway in which precursor X and precursor Y are combined by enzyme Z in order to produce neurotransmitter XYZ. Which of the choices below would represent feedback inhibition?

Imagine a hypothetical pathway in which precursor X and precursor Y are combined by enzyme Z in order to produce neurotransmitter XYZ. You observe that as levels of XYZ increase in the cytoplasm, the activity of enzyme Z slows down. This is an example of

What are three mechanisms used to remove transmitter from the synaptic cleft?

The functions of proteins such as VAChTs, VGLUT1, and VIAAT is to

Long-term changes to the rate of neurotransmitter synthesis can be observed in response to

The concentration or quantity of a neurotransmitter in each vesicle

The accumulation of ACh levels in a synaptic terminal is limited or reduced by increasing activity of

When animals are subjected to stress, prolonged activation of the sympathetic nervous system results in a(n)

Microtubules play an essential role in

Some of the proteins that are responsible for packaging neurotransmitters into vesicles bind to more type of molecule. Give an example of an effect of this nonspecificity.

Acetylcholine is synthesized by _______ and degraded by _______.

Given what you know about the synthesis of acetylcholine, name two ingredients that could be added to a neuron in order to increase acetylcholine availability in the cell.

Nictric oxide, carbon monoxide, and endocannabinoids are unusual among molecular messengers in that they are

Principles of Signaling and Organization

Signaling in the Visual System

Functional Architecture of the Visual Cortex

Ion Channels and Signaling

Structure of Ion Channels

Ionic Basis of the Resting Potential

Ionic Basis of the Action Potential

Electrical Signaling in Neurons

Ion Transport Across Cell Membranes

Properties and Functions of Neuroglial Cells

Mechanisms of Direct Synaptic Transmission

Indirect Mechanisms of Synaptic Transmission

Release of Neurotransmitters

Neurotransmitters in the Central Nervous System

Synaptic Plasticity

The Molecular and Cellular Biology of Synaptic Plasticity

Mechanisms of Extrasynaptic Communication

Autonomic Nervous System

Walking, Flying, and Swimming: Cellular Mechanisms of Sensorimotor Behavior in Invertebrates

Sensory Transduction

Transduction and Transmission in the Retina

Touch, Pain, and Texture Sensation

Auditory and Vestibular Sensation

Constructing Perception

Initiation and Control of Coordinated Muscular Movements

Development of the Nervous System

Critical Periods in Sensory Systems

Regeneration and Repair of Synaptic Connections After Injury

Appendix

Filters

Acetylcholine is synthesized by _ and degraded by _.