Question 1

The Rescorla-Wagner model predicts that inhibition will form when

Accepted Answer

A)  the US is expected. 
B)  the US is expected but does not occur. 
C)  less US occurs than is expected. 
D)  more US occurs than is expected. 
A)  the US is expected. 
B)  the US is expected but does not occur. 
C)  less US occurs than is expected. 
D)  more US occurs than is expected.

Question 2

If A perfectly predicts a medium-sized US, it will block B unless the US is increased, and then we can observe unblocking. However, if the organism experiences A and B together with the same moderate US, the larger US will no longer produce unblocking when it is paired with AB. How well does that effect support the Rescorla-Wagner model?

Accepted Answer

A)  This effect is predicted by and strongly supports the Rescorla-Wagner modele. 
B)  This effect does not support the Rescorla-Wagner model, which predicts that B should become inhibitory. 
C)  This effect does not support the Rescorla-Wagner model, which predicts that B should be unblocked normally. 
D)  This effect is predicted by and supports the Rescorla-Wagner model because lambda represents the magnitude of the US and is easily modified. 
A)  This effect is predicted by and strongly supports the Rescorla-Wagner modele. 
B)  This effect does not support the Rescorla-Wagner model, which predicts that B should become inhibitory. 
C)  This effect does not support the Rescorla-Wagner model, which predicts that B should be unblocked normally. 
D)  This effect is predicted by and supports the Rescorla-Wagner model because lambda represents the magnitude of the US and is easily modified.

Question 3

When L predicts the US, it will block T when LT is paired with the US. The Mackintosh model explains that effect by assuming that

Accepted Answer

A)  more attention is paid to L because it does not predict T. 
B)  more attention is paid to L than to T because it predicts the US better than T does. 
C)  more attention is paid to T than to L because it is novel, leaving less attention for processing the US. 
D)  T will be blocked because ΣV will equal the US. 
A)  more attention is paid to L because it does not predict T. 
B)  more attention is paid to L than to T because it predicts the US better than T does. 
C)  more attention is paid to T than to L because it is novel, leaving less attention for processing the US. 
D)  T will be blocked because ΣV will equal the US.

Question 4

From the Rescorla-Wagner perspective, the best way to extinguish the fears of a person who is afraid of both snakes and spiders would be to

Accepted Answer

A)  teach the person to relax and then present spiders while he maintains the relaxed state. Once the fear of spiders is extinguished, perform the same procedure with snakes. 
B)  teach the person to relax and then present both spiders and snakes while he maintains the relaxed state. 
C)  have the person interact with spiders, and then repeat this procedure with the snakes. 
D)  have the person interact with spiders and snakes together. 
A)  teach the person to relax and then present spiders while he maintains the relaxed state. Once the fear of spiders is extinguished, perform the same procedure with snakes. 
B)  teach the person to relax and then present both spiders and snakes while he maintains the relaxed state. 
C)  have the person interact with spiders, and then repeat this procedure with the snakes. 
D)  have the person interact with spiders and snakes together.

Question 5

The Rescorla-Wagner model emphasizes the importance of the _______, whereas the Macintosh model emphasizes the importance of the _______.

Accepted Answer

A)  US; context 
B)  CS; US 
C)  context; CS 
D)  US; CS 
A)  US; context 
B)  CS; US 
C)  context; CS 
D)  US; CS

Question 6

According to the priming model, learning depends on the

Accepted Answer

A)  processing of the CS in long-term memory. 
B)  processing of the US in long-term memory. 
C)  joint processing of the CS and US in long-term memory. 
D)  joint processing of the CS and US in short-term memory. 
A)  processing of the CS in long-term memory. 
B)  processing of the US in long-term memory. 
C)  joint processing of the CS and US in long-term memory. 
D)  joint processing of the CS and US in short-term memory.

Question 7

Which statement about the role of attention in learning is correct?

Accepted Answer

A)  Recent studies have shown that attention is not as important to learning as researchers once believed. 
B)  Attention is the sole factor that explains learning. 
C)  Learning drives attention as much as attention drives learning. 
D)  Learning can be explained as the result of simple increases and decreases in attention. 
A)  Recent studies have shown that attention is not as important to learning as researchers once believed. 
B)  Attention is the sole factor that explains learning. 
C)  Learning drives attention as much as attention drives learning. 
D)  Learning can be explained as the result of simple increases and decreases in attention.

Question 8

Evaluate the value of the Rescorla-Wagner model, and provide concrete examples to support your evaluation.

Accepted Answer

The Rescorla-Wagner model successfully e

Question 9

Backward excitatory conditioning is most likely to occur when the US is in the _______ stage _______.

Accepted Answer

A)  A1; when the CS is presented 
B)  A2; when the CS is presented 
C)  A1; and the CS is in the A2 stage 
D)  A2; and the CS is in the A2 stage 
A)  A1; when the CS is presented 
B)  A2; when the CS is presented 
C)  A1; and the CS is in the A2 stage 
D)  A2; and the CS is in the A2 stage

Question 10

Comparator models assume that

Accepted Answer

A)  the CS and context compete for associations. 
B)  the context competes with the CS for associations, but not vice versa. 
C)  the context and CS do not compete for associations. 
D)  contingency effects depend on learning, not performance. 
A)  the CS and context compete for associations. 
B)  the context competes with the CS for associations, but not vice versa. 
C)  the context and CS do not compete for associations. 
D)  contingency effects depend on learning, not performance.

Question 11

Two different stimuli (a light and a tone) are separately turned into conditioned inhibitors for an excitatory food stimulus (signaled by a buzzer). Then light and tone are put in compound and presented together without food for many trials. The Rescorla-Wagner model would predict that on each conditioning trial,

Accepted Answer

A)  the tone will become less inhibitory as the light becomes more inhibitory. 
B)  the light will become less inhibitory as the tone becomes more inhibitory. 
C)  both the light and the tone will become more inhibitory until both are twice as inhibitory as they were at the start of training. 
D)  both light and tone will lose inhibition. 
A)  the tone will become less inhibitory as the light becomes more inhibitory. 
B)  the light will become less inhibitory as the tone becomes more inhibitory. 
C)  both the light and the tone will become more inhibitory until both are twice as inhibitory as they were at the start of training. 
D)  both light and tone will lose inhibition.

Question 12

According to the Rescorla-Wagner model, an inhibitor will come to show conditioned responding less rapidly in a retardation test, relative to a novel CS, because the inhibitor

Accepted Answer

A)  will have a smaller alpha. 
B)  will have a bigger alpha. 
C)  will have a negative associative strength to overcome before it can become positive. 
D)  predicts the US less well than the context does, so its alpha changes slowly. 
A)  will have a smaller alpha. 
B)  will have a bigger alpha. 
C)  will have a negative associative strength to overcome before it can become positive. 
D)  predicts the US less well than the context does, so its alpha changes slowly.

Question 13

The AESOP model assumes that

Accepted Answer

A)  CS presentations activate both a sensory and an emotive node prior to conditioning. 
B)  the subject actually learns two associations-one sensory and one emotional-due to CS-US pairings. 
C)  the emotive nodes move between the A1, A2, and inactive stages more quickly than the sensory nodes do. 
D)  emotion is a long-term memory process while sensory impressions are a short-term memory process. 
A)  CS presentations activate both a sensory and an emotive node prior to conditioning. 
B)  the subject actually learns two associations-one sensory and one emotional-due to CS-US pairings. 
C)  the emotive nodes move between the A1, A2, and inactive stages more quickly than the sensory nodes do. 
D)  emotion is a long-term memory process while sensory impressions are a short-term memory process.

Question 14

Which design cannot be solved by an elemental model?

Accepted Answer

A)  AB+, A-, B- 
B)  AB-, A+, B+ 
C)  AB-, A-, B- 
D)  A-, B-, C- 
A)  AB+, A-, B- 
B)  AB-, A+, B+ 
C)  AB-, A-, B- 
D)  A-, B-, C-

Question 15

According to Wagner's SOP model of conditioning,

Accepted Answer

A)  as conditioning proceeds, the CS's ability to activate the US node into A1 increases. 
B)  after many CS-US pairings, CS presentations activate the US node to the A2 level. 
C)  changes in the CS from A1 to A2 are analogous to changes in attention. 
D)  changes in the US from A2 to inactive are analogous to surprise. 
A)  as conditioning proceeds, the CS's ability to activate the US node into A1 increases. 
B)  after many CS-US pairings, CS presentations activate the US node to the A2 level. 
C)  changes in the CS from A1 to A2 are analogous to changes in attention. 
D)  changes in the US from A2 to inactive are analogous to surprise.

Question 16

In Phase 1 of training, subjects receive tone + light pairings. In Phase 2, subjects receive light + shock pairings. In Phase 3, the subjects are tested with tone-only presentations. According to Wagner's memory model of classical conditioning, the tone _______ produce a response similar to light as a result of _______-generated priming effects taking place in Phase 1.

Accepted Answer

A)  should; retrieval 
B)  should not; retrieval 
C)  should; self 
D)  should not; self 
A)  should; retrieval 
B)  should not; retrieval 
C)  should; self 
D)  should not; self

Question 17

Which design represents negative patterning?

Accepted Answer

A)  AB+, A-, B- 
B)  AB-, A+, B+ 
C)  AB-, A-, B- 
D)  A-, B-, C- 
A)  AB+, A-, B- 
B)  AB-, A+, B+ 
C)  AB-, A-, B- 
D)  A-, B-, C-

Question 18

In Phase 1 of training, subjects receive light + shock. In Phase 2 of training, subjects receive light + tone + shock. According to Wagner's theory of learning involving memory, blocking of the tone _______ occur in Phase 2, due to interference from _______-generated priming.

Accepted Answer

A)  should; self 
B)  should not; self 
C)  should; retrieval 
D)  should not; retrieval 
A)  should; self 
B)  should not; self 
C)  should; retrieval 
D)  should not; retrieval

Question 19

The Rescorla-Wagner model predicts that the associative strength of a single CS that has been conditioned to an asymptote and then completely extinguished will be

Accepted Answer

A)  neutral or zero. 
B)  weak but inhibitory. 
C)  weak but excitatory. 
D)  moderately inhibitory. 
A)  neutral or zero. 
B)  weak but inhibitory. 
C)  weak but excitatory. 
D)  moderately inhibitory.

Question 20

Of the models presented in the text, which has the best chance of describing taste-aversion learning with its tolerance to long delays? Why?

Accepted Answer

Wagner's SOP and its evolutions are the

The Rescorla-Wagner model predicts that inhibition will form when

When L predicts the US, it will block T when LT is paired with the US. The Mackintosh model explains that effect by assuming that

From the Rescorla-Wagner perspective, the best way to extinguish the fears of a person who is afraid of both snakes and spiders would be to

The Rescorla-Wagner model emphasizes the importance of the _, whereas the Macintosh model emphasizes the importance of the _.

According to the priming model, learning depends on the

Which statement about the role of attention in learning is correct?

Evaluate the value of the Rescorla-Wagner model, and provide concrete examples to support your evaluation.

Backward excitatory conditioning is most likely to occur when the US is in the _ stage _.

Comparator models assume that

According to the Rescorla-Wagner model, an inhibitor will come to show conditioned responding less rapidly in a retardation test, relative to a novel CS, because the inhibitor

The AESOP model assumes that

Which design cannot be solved by an elemental model?

According to Wagner's SOP model of conditioning,

Which design represents negative patterning?

In Phase 1 of training, subjects receive light + shock. In Phase 2 of training, subjects receive light + tone + shock. According to Wagner's theory of learning involving memory, blocking of the tone _ occur in Phase 2, due to interference from _-generated priming.

The Rescorla-Wagner model predicts that the associative strength of a single CS that has been conditioned to an asymptote and then completely extinguished will be

Of the models presented in the text, which has the best chance of describing taste-aversion learning with its tolerance to long delays? Why?

Learning Theory: What It Is and How It Got This Way

Learning and Adaptation

The Nuts and Bolts of Classical Conditioning

What Ever Happened to Behavior Anyway

Are the Laws of Conditioning General

Behavior and Its Consequences

How Stimuli Guide Instrumental Action

The Motivation of Instrumental Action

A Synthetic Perspective on Instrumental Action

Filters

Exam 4: Theories of Conditioning

The Rescorla-Wagner model predicts that inhibition will form when

When L predicts the US, it will block T when LT is paired with the US. The Mackintosh model explains that effect by assuming that

From the Rescorla-Wagner perspective, the best way to extinguish the fears of a person who is afraid of both snakes and spiders would be to

The Rescorla-Wagner model emphasizes the importance of the _______, whereas the Macintosh model emphasizes the importance of the _______.

According to the priming model, learning depends on the

Which statement about the role of attention in learning is correct?

Evaluate the value of the Rescorla-Wagner model, and provide concrete examples to support your evaluation.

Backward excitatory conditioning is most likely to occur when the US is in the _______ stage _______.

Comparator models assume that

According to the Rescorla-Wagner model, an inhibitor will come to show conditioned responding less rapidly in a retardation test, relative to a novel CS, because the inhibitor

The AESOP model assumes that

Which design cannot be solved by an elemental model?

According to Wagner's SOP model of conditioning,

Which design represents negative patterning?

In Phase 1 of training, subjects receive light + shock. In Phase 2 of training, subjects receive light + tone + shock. According to Wagner's theory of learning involving memory, blocking of the tone _______ occur in Phase 2, due to interference from _______-generated priming.

The Rescorla-Wagner model predicts that the associative strength of a single CS that has been conditioned to an asymptote and then completely extinguished will be

Of the models presented in the text, which has the best chance of describing taste-aversion learning with its tolerance to long delays? Why?

Learning Theory: What It Is and How It Got This Way

Learning and Adaptation

The Nuts and Bolts of Classical Conditioning

What Ever Happened to Behavior Anyway

Are the Laws of Conditioning General

Behavior and Its Consequences

How Stimuli Guide Instrumental Action

The Motivation of Instrumental Action

A Synthetic Perspective on Instrumental Action

Filters

The Rescorla-Wagner model emphasizes the importance of the _, whereas the Macintosh model emphasizes the importance of the _.

Backward excitatory conditioning is most likely to occur when the US is in the _ stage _.

In Phase 1 of training, subjects receive light + shock. In Phase 2 of training, subjects receive light + tone + shock. According to Wagner's theory of learning involving memory, blocking of the tone _ occur in Phase 2, due to interference from _-generated priming.