Question 1

According to the Rescorla-Wagner model, if the _______, then no conditioning of associative strength will occur.

Accepted Answer

A)  salience of the CS is 1 
B)  salience of the US is equal to the salience of the CS 
C)  US is predicted 
D)  ΣV = 0 
A)  salience of the CS is 1 
B)  salience of the US is equal to the salience of the CS 
C)  US is predicted 
D)  ΣV = 0

Question 2

A gardener charges $25 per customer to mow lawns. For one year he cuts the grass at the homes of two neighbors. At the end of the year the neighbors decide to share one house, sell the other, and hire the gardener to mow only one lawn. According to the Rescorla-Wagner model, the gardener will

Accepted Answer

A)  initially expect to be paid $50, but eventually will come to expect only $25. 
B)  expect to be paid $25 now that they have only one lawn. 
C)  initially expect to be paid $25, but eventually will expect to be paid $50. 
D)  initially expect to be paid $25, but eventually will expect to be paid $40. 
A)  initially expect to be paid $50, but eventually will come to expect only $25. 
B)  expect to be paid $25 now that they have only one lawn. 
C)  initially expect to be paid $25, but eventually will expect to be paid $50. 
D)  initially expect to be paid $25, but eventually will expect to be paid $40.

Question 3

The replaced-elements assumption of the SOP model

Accepted Answer

A)  increases the predictive accuracy of the model over the Mackintosh model, but still fails to account for the configural effects explained by the Pearce model. 
B)  predicts that adding new stimuli to an established CS and removing stimuli from a compound CS produces symmetrical effects. 
C)  assumes that when stimuli are added to a simple stimulus to form a compound, all of the stimuli's elements are activated and processed together. 
D)  predicts that removing stimuli will dramatically reduce associative strength, whereas adding new neutral stimuli will have less of an impact. 
A)  increases the predictive accuracy of the model over the Mackintosh model, but still fails to account for the configural effects explained by the Pearce model. 
B)  predicts that adding new stimuli to an established CS and removing stimuli from a compound CS produces symmetrical effects. 
C)  assumes that when stimuli are added to a simple stimulus to form a compound, all of the stimuli's elements are activated and processed together. 
D)  predicts that removing stimuli will dramatically reduce associative strength, whereas adding new neutral stimuli will have less of an impact.

Question 4

An event in short-term memory is most likely to be surprising if it

Accepted Answer

A)  has been generated through self-priming. 
B)  has been generated through retrieval priming. 
C)  has been generated through episode-priming. 
D)  is retrieved intermittently 
A)  has been generated through self-priming. 
B)  has been generated through retrieval priming. 
C)  has been generated through episode-priming. 
D)  is retrieved intermittently

Question 5

The Mackintosh model explains latent inhibition by assuming that during CS-only presentations the F1F1F1S1F1F1F10 value

Accepted Answer

A)  remains unchanged, because the CS predicts nothing. 
B)  increases, because the CS predicts the US just as well as the context. 
C)  decreases, because the CS predicts the US just as well as the context. 
D)  becomes fixed, because the CS predicts no change in the US. 
A)  remains unchanged, because the CS predicts nothing. 
B)  increases, because the CS predicts the US just as well as the context. 
C)  decreases, because the CS predicts the US just as well as the context. 
D)  becomes fixed, because the CS predicts no change in the US.

Question 6

In Phase 1 of training, subjects receive trials of a shock followed by a tone followed by light + shock pairings. In Phase 2 of training, subjects receive light + buzzer + shock. According to the priming model of classical conditioning, blocking of the buzzer _______ occur in Phase 2, due to _______ priming effects in Phase 1

Accepted Answer

A)  should; a lack of self-generated 
B)  should not; a lack of self-generated 
C)  should; self-generated 
D)  should not; self-generated 
A)  should; a lack of self-generated 
B)  should not; a lack of self-generated 
C)  should; self-generated 
D)  should not; self-generated

Question 7

How would the Rescorla-Wagner model account for overshadowing in a situation in which a loud tone conditions better than a dim light when they are conditioned in compound?

Accepted Answer

A)  The model would have to be revised, as it cannot currently account for overshadowing. 
B)  It would use a different λ for each CS. 
C)  It would use two different α's and two different F1F1F1S1F1F1F10's 
D)  It would assume that α is greater for the more salient CS. 
A)  The model would have to be revised, as it cannot currently account for overshadowing. 
B)  It would use a different λ for each CS. 
C)  It would use two different α's and two different F1F1F1S1F1F1F10's 
D)  It would assume that α is greater for the more salient CS.

Question 8

If you wanted to study the effects of salience on blocking, what would you manipulate in the Rescorla-Wagner model, and how would you manipulate it in order to derive a prediction to test?

Accepted Answer

If you were manipulating the salience of

Question 9

The Rescorla-Wagner model emphasizes the importance of

Accepted Answer

A)  contiguity between the CS and US. 
B)  the surprisingness of the CS. 
C)  the surprisingness of the US. 
D)  contextual conditioning. 
A)  contiguity between the CS and US. 
B)  the surprisingness of the CS. 
C)  the surprisingness of the US. 
D)  contextual conditioning.

Question 10

A researcher creates a compound of two fully and separately conditioned stimuli. She then presents the compound along with a neutral stimulus and continues to present the same outcome for the three stimuli that she had presented with the compound alone. According to the Rescorla-Wagner model,

Accepted Answer

A)  the two fully conditioned stimuli will lose excitation, while the neutral stimulus will gain excitation. 
B)  the two fully conditioned stimuli will lose excitation, while the neutral stimulus will gain inhibition. 
C)  all three stimuli will become more excitatory than they would be if conditioned separately. 
D)  all three stimuli will become inhibitory, but less so than if they were conditioned separately. 
A)  the two fully conditioned stimuli will lose excitation, while the neutral stimulus will gain excitation. 
B)  the two fully conditioned stimuli will lose excitation, while the neutral stimulus will gain inhibition. 
C)  all three stimuli will become more excitatory than they would be if conditioned separately. 
D)  all three stimuli will become inhibitory, but less so than if they were conditioned separately.

Question 11

Which statement about the Rescorla-Wagner model is false.

Accepted Answer

A)  It accounts for many conditioning phenomena using few variables. 
B)  It is widely regarded as important, but its falsifiability has been questioned. 
C)  It helped to conceptualize the relatively vague idea of information value in the form of surprise. 
D)  It has organized a large number of effects as being related to surprise. 
A)  It accounts for many conditioning phenomena using few variables. 
B)  It is widely regarded as important, but its falsifiability has been questioned. 
C)  It helped to conceptualize the relatively vague idea of information value in the form of surprise. 
D)  It has organized a large number of effects as being related to surprise.

Question 12

Which of the following about theories is false?

Accepted Answer

A)  They eliminate the need for direct testing of animals and humans. 
B)  They organize and integrate facts to form an explanation of a particular phenomenon. 
C)  They enable us to see new and counterintuitive ways in which variables affect phenomena. 
D)  They are developed in such a way as to be falsifiable. 
A)  They eliminate the need for direct testing of animals and humans. 
B)  They organize and integrate facts to form an explanation of a particular phenomenon. 
C)  They enable us to see new and counterintuitive ways in which variables affect phenomena. 
D)  They are developed in such a way as to be falsifiable.

Question 13

Pearce's configural approach assumes that

Accepted Answer

A)  on a trial in which L and T are combined and paired with the US, there is only one CS. 
B)  external inhibition occurs because an old CS is in the A2 state when a newly added CS is in the A1 state. 
C)  CS-US timing effects are due to interstimulus intervals that are either within or outside the configural moment. 
D)  multiple CSs are conditioned separately, and this learning then blocks configural conditioning. 
A)  on a trial in which L and T are combined and paired with the US, there is only one CS. 
B)  external inhibition occurs because an old CS is in the A2 state when a newly added CS is in the A1 state. 
C)  CS-US timing effects are due to interstimulus intervals that are either within or outside the configural moment. 
D)  multiple CSs are conditioned separately, and this learning then blocks configural conditioning.

Question 14

According to the Rescorla-Wagner model, if the US intensity is increased in the second phase of conditioning in a blocking experiment when L is added to a previously conditioned T to form the new compound LT, then

Accepted Answer

A) ΣVLT > F1F1F1S1F1F1F10. B) ΣVLT F1F1F1S1F1F1F10 D) F1F1F1S1F1F1F10 F1F1F1S1F1F1F10 < F1F1F1S1F1F1F10 A) ΣVLT > F1F1F1S1F1F1F10. B) ΣVLT F1F1F1S1F1F1F10 D) F1F1F1S1F1F1F10 F1F1F1S1F1F1F10 < F1F1F1S1F1F1F10

Question 15

According to the Rescorla-Wagner model, an inhibitor will suppress responding to an excitor because

Accepted Answer

A)  it nullifies the excitor's alpha. 
B)  lambda will be zero. 
C)  it blocks the excitor's association. 
D)  the negative associative strength of the inhibitor subtracts from the positive associative strength of the excitor. 
A)  it nullifies the excitor's alpha. 
B)  lambda will be zero. 
C)  it blocks the excitor's association. 
D)  the negative associative strength of the inhibitor subtracts from the positive associative strength of the excitor.

Question 16

A light is fully conditioned with a US that has a lambda = 2, and a tone is fully conditioned with a US that has a lambda = 1. The light and tone are then placed in compound and extinguished. According to the Rescorla-Wagner model's assumptions about lambda,

Accepted Answer

A)  the tone and light will become more inhibitory than they would be if either stimulus were extinguished separately. 
B)  the tone and light will become less inhibitory than they would be if either stimulus were extinguished separately. 
C)  the tone will become more inhibitory than the light. 
D)  the light will become more inhibitory than the tone. 
A)  the tone and light will become more inhibitory than they would be if either stimulus were extinguished separately. 
B)  the tone and light will become less inhibitory than they would be if either stimulus were extinguished separately. 
C)  the tone will become more inhibitory than the light. 
D)  the light will become more inhibitory than the tone.

Question 17

In the Rescorla-Wagner model, the symbols _______ and _______ are used to refer to the salience of the CS and US, respectively.

Accepted Answer

A)  F1F1F1S1F1F1F10; F1F1F1S1F1F1F10 
B)  F1F1F1S1F1F1F10; F1F1F1S1F1F1F10 
C)  F1F1F1S1F1F1F10; F1F1F1S1F1F1F10 
D)  F1F1F1S1F1F1F10; F1F1F1S1F1F1F10 
A)  F1F1F1S1F1F1F10; F1F1F1S1F1F1F10 
B)  F1F1F1S1F1F1F10; F1F1F1S1F1F1F10 
C)  F1F1F1S1F1F1F10; F1F1F1S1F1F1F10 
D)  F1F1F1S1F1F1F10; F1F1F1S1F1F1F10

Question 18

The process by which an event is recalled from long-term memory and processed in short-term memory is known as _______-generated priming.

Accepted Answer

A)  retrieval 
B)  transfer 
C)  self 
D)  episode 
A)  retrieval 
B)  transfer 
C)  self 
D)  episode

Question 19

If you present A+ (US trials) and AB (no US trials), the Rescorla-Wagner model predicts that

Accepted Answer

A)  A will block 
B)  B will acquire a negative associative strength. 
C)  A will extinguish more on these AB trials than if it had been presented alone on no-US trials. 
D)  A will become half as excitatory and B will become half as inhibitory as they would be if each stimulus were presented separately on shock versus no-shock trials. 
A)  A will block 
B)  B will acquire a negative associative strength. 
C)  A will extinguish more on these AB trials than if it had been presented alone on no-US trials. 
D)  A will become half as excitatory and B will become half as inhibitory as they would be if each stimulus were presented separately on shock versus no-shock trials.

Question 20

Imagine L is trained as an inhibitor for a US. Then the organism experiences two kinds of trials with novel stimuli T and N. In some trials T is paired with the US, and in some trials L and N are combined and paired with the US. After conditioning to asymptote, which CS (T or N) will elicit the greater conditioned response according to the Rescorla-Wagner model?

Accepted Answer

N will elicit the greater response. On c

According to the Rescorla-Wagner model, if the _______, then no conditioning of associative strength will occur.

A gardener charges $25 per customer to mow lawns. For one year he cuts the grass at the homes of two neighbors. At the end of the year the neighbors decide to share one house, sell the other, and hire the gardener to mow only one lawn. According to the Rescorla-Wagner model, the gardener will

The replaced-elements assumption of the SOP model

An event in short-term memory is most likely to be surprising if it

The Mackintosh model explains latent inhibition by assuming that during CS-only presentations the  value

How would the Rescorla-Wagner model account for overshadowing in a situation in which a loud tone conditions better than a dim light when they are conditioned in compound?

If you wanted to study the effects of salience on blocking, what would you manipulate in the Rescorla-Wagner model, and how would you manipulate it in order to derive a prediction to test?

The Rescorla-Wagner model emphasizes the importance of

A researcher creates a compound of two fully and separately conditioned stimuli. She then presents the compound along with a neutral stimulus and continues to present the same outcome for the three stimuli that she had presented with the compound alone. According to the Rescorla-Wagner model,

Which statement about the Rescorla-Wagner model is false.

Which of the following about theories is false?

Pearce's configural approach assumes that

According to the Rescorla-Wagner model, if the US intensity is increased in the second phase of conditioning in a blocking experiment when Lis added to a previously conditioned T to form the new compound LT,then

According to the Rescorla-Wagner model, an inhibitor will suppress responding to an excitor because

A light is fully conditioned with a US that has a lambda = 2, and a tone is fully conditioned with a US that has a lambda = 1. The light and tone are then placed in compound and extinguished. According to the Rescorla-Wagner model's assumptions about lambda,

In the Rescorla-Wagner model, the symbols _ and _ are used to refer to the salience of the CS and US, respectively.

The process by which an event is recalled from long-term memory and processed in short-term memory is known as _______-generated priming.

If you present A+ (UStrials) and AB (no UStrials), the Rescorla-Wagner model predicts that

Learning Theory: What It Is and How It Got This Way

Learning and Adaptation

The Nuts and Bolts of Classical Conditioning

What Ever Happened to Behavior Anyway

Are the Laws of Conditioning General

Behavior and Its Consequences

How Stimuli Guide Instrumental Action

The Motivation of Instrumental Action

A Synthetic Perspective on Instrumental Action

Filters

Exam 4: Theories of Conditioning

According to the Rescorla-Wagner model, if the _______, then no conditioning of associative strength will occur.

A gardener charges $25 per customer to mow lawns. For one year he cuts the grass at the homes of two neighbors. At the end of the year the neighbors decide to share one house, sell the other, and hire the gardener to mow only one lawn. According to the Rescorla-Wagner model, the gardener will

The replaced-elements assumption of the SOP model

An event in short-term memory is most likely to be surprising if it

The Mackintosh model explains latent inhibition by assuming that during CS-only presentations the  value

How would the Rescorla-Wagner model account for overshadowing in a situation in which a loud tone conditions better than a dim light when they are conditioned in compound?

If you wanted to study the effects of salience on blocking, what would you manipulate in the Rescorla-Wagner model, and how would you manipulate it in order to derive a prediction to test?

The Rescorla-Wagner model emphasizes the importance of

A researcher creates a compound of two fully and separately conditioned stimuli. She then presents the compound along with a neutral stimulus and continues to present the same outcome for the three stimuli that she had presented with the compound alone. According to the Rescorla-Wagner model,

Which statement about the Rescorla-Wagner model is false.

Which of the following about theories is false?

Pearce's configural approach assumes that

According to the Rescorla-Wagner model, if the US intensity is increased in the second phase of conditioning in a blocking experiment when L is added to a previously conditioned T to form the new compound LT, then

According to the Rescorla-Wagner model, an inhibitor will suppress responding to an excitor because

A light is fully conditioned with a US that has a lambda = 2, and a tone is fully conditioned with a US that has a lambda = 1. The light and tone are then placed in compound and extinguished. According to the Rescorla-Wagner model's assumptions about lambda,

In the Rescorla-Wagner model, the symbols _______ and _______ are used to refer to the salience of the CS and US, respectively.

The process by which an event is recalled from long-term memory and processed in short-term memory is known as _______-generated priming.

If you present A+ (US trials) and AB (no US trials), the Rescorla-Wagner model predicts that

Learning Theory: What It Is and How It Got This Way

Learning and Adaptation

The Nuts and Bolts of Classical Conditioning

What Ever Happened to Behavior Anyway

Are the Laws of Conditioning General

Behavior and Its Consequences

How Stimuli Guide Instrumental Action

The Motivation of Instrumental Action

A Synthetic Perspective on Instrumental Action

Filters

According to the Rescorla-Wagner model, if the US intensity is increased in the second phase of conditioning in a blocking experiment when Lis added to a previously conditioned T to form the new compound LT,then

In the Rescorla-Wagner model, the symbols _ and _ are used to refer to the salience of the CS and US, respectively.

If you present A+ (UStrials) and AB (no UStrials), the Rescorla-Wagner model predicts that