Question 1

Poor parenting can be caused by:

Accepted Answer

A)  poverty 
B)  individual traits of the parents 
C)  individual traits of the children 
D)  all of the above 
E)  none of the above 
A)  poverty 
B)  individual traits of the parents 
C)  individual traits of the children 
D)  all of the above 
E)  none of the above D

Question 2

Adolescents are more likely to associate with delinquent peers than are children and adults. Explain why this association occurs during adolescence and how it affects delinquent offending according to social learning theory.

Accepted Answer

Adolescents are more likely to associate with delinquent peers than children and adults due to the developmental stage they are in. During adolescence, individuals are seeking independence and autonomy from their parents and are more influenced by their peers. This desire for independence often leads adolescents to seek out peers who engage in similar behaviors, including delinquent activities.

According to social learning theory, individuals learn through observation, imitation, and modeling. When adolescents associate with delinquent peers, they are more likely to be exposed to and learn delinquent behaviors. This can lead to an increase in delinquent offending as they internalize and imitate the behaviors they observe in their peers.

Additionally, adolescents may also experience peer pressure to engage in delinquent activities in order to fit in with their social group. This pressure to conform to the norms and values of their delinquent peers can further contribute to an increase in delinquent offending during adolescence.

In summary, the association between adolescents and delinquent peers occurs due to the developmental stage of seeking independence and autonomy, as well as the influence of peer pressure. According to social learning theory, this association can lead to an increase in delinquent offending as adolescents learn and imitate delinquent behaviors from their peers.

Question 3

Traits and poor parenting experiences also contribute to high rates of offending over the life course because they lead to:

Accepted Answer

A)  school and peer problems 
B)  marital and work problems 
C)  all of the above 
D)  none of the above 
A)  school and peer problems 
B)  marital and work problems 
C)  all of the above 
D)  none of the above C

Question 4

Describe how individual traits and poor parenting lead to a variety of problems that persist over time and increase the likelihood for delinquent and criminal behaviors.

Accepted Answer

Individual traits and poor parenting can

Question 5

Look over the list of privileges and responsibilities extended to adolescents. Do these "ring true" in your personal experiences? What privileges or responsibilities would you add to the list?

Accepted Answer

As an adolescent, I can definitely relat

Question 6

According to Agnew and Brezina, there is less direct control during adolescence because:

Accepted Answer

A)  adolescents attend larger schools with larger classes 
B)  adolescents find more "creative" ways to cut classes 
C)  adolescents participate in a greater number of athletic and other extracurricular activities 
D)  all of the above 
A)  adolescents attend larger schools with larger classes 
B)  adolescents find more "creative" ways to cut classes 
C)  adolescents participate in a greater number of athletic and other extracurricular activities 
D)  all of the above

Question 7

Indicate how a control theorist would explain the effect that social changes during adolescence have on delinquency.

Accepted Answer

A control theorist would explain the eff

Question 8

What is the prevalence of life-course persistent offenders in the population?

Accepted Answer

Life-course persistent offenders are ind

Question 9

Unlike life-course persistent offenders, adolescence-limited offenders stop offending when they become adults because their offending is rooted in ___________________ associated with adolescence.

Accepted Answer

A)  biological and social changes 
B)  only social changes 
C)  only biological changes 
D)  individual traits 
A)  biological and social changes 
B)  only social changes 
C)  only biological changes 
D)  individual traits

Question 10

The transition from childhood to adulthood is fraught with contradictions in terms of privileges and responsibilities. Provide three examples that effectively illustrate the contradictions that adolescents often experience.

Accepted Answer

1) Driving privileges: Many adolescents

Question 11

Self-report surveys estimate that __________ of all adolescents engage in some type of delinquency.

Accepted Answer

A)  10% 
B)  50% 
C)  75% 
D)  90% 
E)  100% 
A)  10% 
B)  50% 
C)  75% 
D)  90% 
E)  100%

Question 12

Agnew and Brezina state, "Having kids who are irritable and low in self-control is a major cause of poor parenting, and poor parenting is a major cause of irritability and low self-control." Explain this statement and describe an intervention that might break the cycle.

Accepted Answer

The statement by Agnew and Brezina sugge

Question 13

Agnew and Brezina point out that certain biological factors increase the likelihood of developing traits conducive to crime. Some of these traits include:

Accepted Answer

A)  traits inherited from parents 
B)  birth complications 
C)  exposure to lead 
D)  all of the above 
A)  traits inherited from parents 
B)  birth complications 
C)  exposure to lead 
D)  all of the above

Question 14

The typical pattern of offending for a life-course persistent offender is:

Accepted Answer

A)  the individual engages in high rates of minor offending during adolescence and violent offending during adulthood 
B)  the individual engages in high rates of serious offending during adolescence and minor offending during adulthood 
C)  the individual engages in high rates of minor and serious offending during adolescence and adulthood 
D)  the individual engages in high rates of offending during adolescence and lower rates upon reaching adulthood 
A)  the individual engages in high rates of minor offending during adolescence and violent offending during adulthood 
B)  the individual engages in high rates of serious offending during adolescence and minor offending during adulthood 
C)  the individual engages in high rates of minor and serious offending during adolescence and adulthood 
D)  the individual engages in high rates of offending during adolescence and lower rates upon reaching adulthood

Question 15

Think about and write down the various ways you dealt with strains during high school. For each, indicate what type of coping was used and whether or not it was legal. Draw on discussion in the text to discuss why you were more likely to respond to strain with legal or with illegal coping responses during adolescence.

Accepted Answer

During high school, I dealt with strains

Question 16

Some studies examining the predictors of desistance among female offenders find:

Accepted Answer

A)  marriage promotes desistance among males but not females 
B)  marriage promotes desistance among females but not males 
C)  marriage promotes desistance among females and males 
D)  marriage has no effect on desistance from crime 
A)  marriage promotes desistance among males but not females 
B)  marriage promotes desistance among females but not males 
C)  marriage promotes desistance among females and males 
D)  marriage has no effect on desistance from crime

Question 17

Agnew and Brezina point out that individuals experience an increase in control when they leave adolescence and enter adulthood. How does entering adulthood contribute to their stake in conformity? Does this encourage further delinquency or desistance from crime? Why?

Accepted Answer

Entering adulthood contributes to an ind

Question 18

Use strain and control theories to argue that peer abuse increases delinquency more during adolescence than it does during childhood.

Accepted Answer

Strain theory suggests that individuals

Question 19

In general, individuals experience ____________ control when they leave adolescence and enter adulthood.

Accepted Answer

A)  direct 
B)  indirect 
C)  an increase in 
D)  a decrease in 
A)  direct 
B)  indirect 
C)  an increase in 
D)  a decrease in

Question 20

Life-course persistent offenders continue offending at high rates well into adulthood because:

Accepted Answer

A)  their moral development is stalled 
B)  they avoid the help and guidance religion can provide 
C)  traits conducive to crime persist over time 
D)  their attraction to media violence reinforces their violent tendencies 
E)  all of the above 
A)  their moral development is stalled 
B)  they avoid the help and guidance religion can provide 
C)  traits conducive to crime persist over time 
D)  their attraction to media violence reinforces their violent tendencies 
E)  all of the above

Exam 10: The Life Course

Poor parenting can be caused by:

Adolescents are more likely to associate with delinquent peers than are children and adults. Explain why this association occurs during adolescence and how it affects delinquent offending according to social learning theory.

Traits and poor parenting experiences also contribute to high rates of offending over the life course because they lead to:

Describe how individual traits and poor parenting lead to a variety of problems that persist over time and increase the likelihood for delinquent and criminal behaviors.

Look over the list of privileges and responsibilities extended to adolescents. Do these "ring true" in your personal experiences? What privileges or responsibilities would you add to the list?

According to Agnew and Brezina, there is less direct control during adolescence because:

Indicate how a control theorist would explain the effect that social changes during adolescence have on delinquency.

What is the prevalence of life-course persistent offenders in the population?

Unlike life-course persistent offenders, adolescence-limited offenders stop offending when they become adults because their offending is rooted in ___________________ associated with adolescence.

The transition from childhood to adulthood is fraught with contradictions in terms of privileges and responsibilities. Provide three examples that effectively illustrate the contradictions that adolescents often experience.

Self-report surveys estimate that __________ of all adolescents engage in some type of delinquency.

Agnew and Brezina state, "Having kids who are irritable and low in self-control is a major cause of poor parenting, and poor parenting is a major cause of irritability and low self-control." Explain this statement and describe an intervention that might break the cycle.

Agnew and Brezina point out that certain biological factors increase the likelihood of developing traits conducive to crime. Some of these traits include:

The typical pattern of offending for a life-course persistent offender is:

Some studies examining the predictors of desistance among female offenders find:

Agnew and Brezina point out that individuals experience an increase in control when they leave adolescence and enter adulthood. How does entering adulthood contribute to their stake in conformity? Does this encourage further delinquency or desistance from crime? Why?

Use strain and control theories to argue that peer abuse increases delinquency more during adolescence than it does during childhood.

In general, individuals experience ____________ control when they leave adolescence and enter adulthood.

Life-course persistent offenders continue offending at high rates well into adulthood because:

What Is Delinquency and How Does It Differ From Adult Crime

How Is Delinquency Measureding the Extent of Rape

How Much Delinquency Is There, and Is Delinquency Increasing

Who Is Most Likely to Engage in Delinquency

What Is a Theory and How Do We Test Theories

Strain Theory

Social Learning Theory

Control Theory

Labeling Theory

Is Delinquency More Likely in Certain Types of Situations

Group Differences in Delinquency

Individual Traits

The Family

The School

Delinquent Peers and Gangs

Other Social Influences

Pulling It All Together

Policies and Programs

The Police

Juvenile Court and Corrections

The Juvenile Justice System

The Strategies of Deterrence and Incapacitation

The Strategies of Prevention and Rehabilitation

What Should We Do to Reduce Delinquency

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