Question 1

Researchers should always try to reduce their data into a smaller number of categories for easier statistical management.

Accepted Answer

A) True 
 B)False

Question 2

Which of the following could NOT be a single-factor between-groups design?

Accepted Answer

A)  Randomized experimental approach 
B)  Comparative approach 
C)  Associational approach 
D)  Quasi-experimental approach 
A)  Randomized experimental approach 
B)  Comparative approach 
C)  Associational approach 
D)  Quasi-experimental approach

Question 3

The Mann-Whitney U test can be used to compare differences between groups when:

Accepted Answer

A)  There are a small number of participants 
B)  Sample sizes are not equal 
C)  Data are ranked or interval level 
D)  All of the above 
A)  There are a small number of participants 
B)  Sample sizes are not equal 
C)  Data are ranked or interval level 
D)  All of the above

Question 4

A researcher performs a single-factor repeated-measures ANOVA and finds a significant difference among the study's three treatment conditions. The researcher should:

Accepted Answer

A)  Perform a Tukey HSD post hoc test 
B)  Assume that the group differences were due to chance alone 
C)  Establish at least a 95% confidence interval 
D)  All of the above 
A)  Perform a Tukey HSD post hoc test 
B)  Assume that the group differences were due to chance alone 
C)  Establish at least a 95% confidence interval 
D)  All of the above

Question 5

To use the matching procedure:

Accepted Answer

A)  Participants are grouped in dyads or triads based on a characteristic unrelated to the DV 
B)  Participants are randomly assigned to groups and then matched on a characteristic 
C)  Participants are grouped in dyads or triads based on a characteristic related to the DV 
D)  b and c 
A)  Participants are grouped in dyads or triads based on a characteristic unrelated to the DV 
B)  Participants are randomly assigned to groups and then matched on a characteristic 
C)  Participants are grouped in dyads or triads based on a characteristic related to the DV 
D)  b and c

Question 6

A single-factor within-subjects design would be used when there is one independent variable with two or more levels and:

Accepted Answer

A)  Participants undergo all conditions of a study 
B)  The two groups are related or matched on some variable related to the dependent variable 
C)  A one group pretest-posttest design is used 
D)  All of the above 
A)  Participants undergo all conditions of a study 
B)  The two groups are related or matched on some variable related to the dependent variable 
C)  A one group pretest-posttest design is used 
D)  All of the above

Question 7

Rejecting the null hypothesis implies that a difference between population means could not have happened by chance.

Accepted Answer

A) True 
 B)False

Question 8

Single-factor between-groups designs use the same statistical analyses.

Accepted Answer

A) True 
 B)False

Question 9

The F statistic is the summary statistic for all the analyses of variance.

Accepted Answer

A) True 
 B)False

Question 10

Disadvantages to using a repeated-measures design include:

Accepted Answer

A)  Increased design flexibility 
B)  Statistical power due to n is reduced 
C)  Carryover effects 
D)  b and c 
E)  All of the above 
A)  Increased design flexibility 
B)  Statistical power due to n is reduced 
C)  Carryover effects 
D)  b and c 
E)  All of the above

Question 11

The F value tells you which groups or conditions are significantly different when performing an ANOVA.

Accepted Answer

A) True 
 B)False

Question 12

A researcher conducts a study and rejects the null hypothesis at an alpha level of .02. Which of the following is true?

Accepted Answer

A)  The difference in population means could not have happened by chance 
B)  There is a 98% chance that the true population mean difference is within the confidence interval 
C)  The true population mean difference would be in 98 of the confidence intervals but not in two of them 
D)  b and c 
A)  The difference in population means could not have happened by chance 
B)  There is a 98% chance that the true population mean difference is within the confidence interval 
C)  The true population mean difference would be in 98 of the confidence intervals but not in two of them 
D)  b and c

Question 13

Conditions for using the t test for related samples include:

Accepted Answer

A)  The independent variable has two or more levels 
B)  Participants have been matched on a relevant variable 
C)  Normality of the dependent variable has not been violated 
D)  b and c 
E)  All of the above 
A)  The independent variable has two or more levels 
B)  Participants have been matched on a relevant variable 
C)  Normality of the dependent variable has not been violated 
D)  b and c 
E)  All of the above

Question 14

Conditions for using the single-factor repeated-measures ANOVA include:

Accepted Answer

A)  The independent variable has two or more levels 
B)  There is a directional hypothesis 
C)  The dependent variable is at least ordinal in level of measurement 
D)  a and b 
A)  The independent variable has two or more levels 
B)  There is a directional hypothesis 
C)  The dependent variable is at least ordinal in level of measurement 
D)  a and b

Question 15

Under what conditions would you use a single-factor ANOVA?

Accepted Answer

A single-factor ANOVA is used

Question 16

A researcher does a series of studies to see what affects motor development. In Study 1, preterm infants are compared to full-term infants on their motor development at one year of age. In Study 2, the motor development of two groups is compared: one-year-olds whose parents
Had enrolled them in "baby gymnastics" versus one-year-olds without this experience. In
Study 3, six-month-olds are randomly assigned to a group that receives extra large-motor
Stimulation (in "walkers") versus no enrichment; the two groups' large-motor skills are
Compared at twelve months.
Assuming that the test of motor development is at the interval level, which type of statistical
Test is most appropriate for each study?
Study 1:
Study 2:
Study 3:

Accepted Answer

A)  correlation coefficient 
B)  t test 
C)  Wilcoxon matched-pairs 
D)  F test 
E)  Mann-Whitney U test 
A)  correlation coefficient 
B)  t test 
C)  Wilcoxon matched-pairs 
D)  F test 
E)  Mann-Whitney U test

Question 17

How do you determine the degrees of freedom for a dependent samples t test?

Accepted Answer

The degrees of freedom for a d

Question 18

There are three major assumptions underlying the use of the t test for independent samples. The violation of one assumption is not well tolerated. This assumption is:

Accepted Answer

A)  The independent variable should be normally distributed 
B)  The dependent variable should be normally distributed 
C)  Groups, and the data from them, must be independent 
D)  Variances of the dependent variables should be equal 
A)  The independent variable should be normally distributed 
B)  The dependent variable should be normally distributed 
C)  Groups, and the data from them, must be independent 
D)  Variances of the dependent variables should be equal

Question 19

With repeated-measures analysis of variance statistics, the treatment effect comes from the within-subjects component.

Accepted Answer

A) True 
 B)False

Question 20

Post hoc comparisons are not necessary to do when using nonparametric statistics with an independent variable that has more than two levels.

Accepted Answer

A) True 
 B)False

Exam 20: Data Analysis and Interpretation: Basic Difference Questions

Researchers should always try to reduce their data into a smaller number of categories for easier statistical management.

Which of the following could NOT be a single-factor between-groups design?

The Mann-Whitney U test can be used to compare differences between groups when:

A researcher performs a single-factor repeated-measures ANOVA and finds a significant difference among the study's three treatment conditions. The researcher should:

To use the matching procedure:

A single-factor within-subjects design would be used when there is one independent variable with two or more levels and:

Rejecting the null hypothesis implies that a difference between population means could not have happened by chance.

Single-factor between-groups designs use the same statistical analyses.

The F statistic is the summary statistic for all the analyses of variance.

Disadvantages to using a repeated-measures design include:

The F value tells you which groups or conditions are significantly different when performing an ANOVA.

A researcher conducts a study and rejects the null hypothesis at an alpha level of .02. Which of the following is true?

Conditions for using the t test for related samples include:

Conditions for using the single-factor repeated-measures ANOVA include:

Under what conditions would you use a single-factor ANOVA?

How do you determine the degrees of freedom for a dependent samples t test?

There are three major assumptions underlying the use of the t test for independent samples. The violation of one assumption is not well tolerated. This assumption is:

With repeated-measures analysis of variance statistics, the treatment effect comes from the within-subjects component.

Post hoc comparisons are not necessary to do when using nonparametric statistics with an independent variable that has more than two levels.

Definitions, Purposes, and Dimensions of Research

Planning a Quantitative Research Project

Variables, Research Questions, and Hypotheses

Research Approaches

Randomized Experimental and Quasi-Experimental Designs

Single-Subject Designs

Nonexperimental Approachesdesigns

Internal Validity

Sampling and Introduction to External Validity

Measurement and Descriptive Statistics

Measurement Reliability

Measurement Validity

Types of Data Collection Techniques

Ethical Issues in Conducting the Study

Practical Issues in Data Collection and Coding

Making Inferences From Sample Data I: The Null Hypothesis Significance Testing Approach

Making Inferences From Sample Data II: the Evidence-Based Approach

General Design Classifications for Selection of Difference Statistical Methods

Selection of Appropriate Statistical Methods: Integration of Design and Analysis

Analysis and Interpretation of Basic Associational Research Questions

Analysis and Interpretation of Complex Research Questions

Evaluating Research Validity: Part I

Evaluating Research Validity: Part II

Evaluating Research for Evidence-Based Practice

Writing the Research Report

Filters