Question 1

Nondirectional alternative hypotheses often are used when comparing two different treatment methods.

Accepted Answer

A) True 
 B)False

Question 2

Directional alternative hypotheses should be used when there is previous research to support the intervention.

Accepted Answer

A) True 
 B)False

Question 3

Ideally, one should aim for a power of .80.

Accepted Answer

A) True 
 B)False

Question 4

Type II error refers to:

Accepted Answer

A)  The Beta 
B)  The probability of not rejecting the null hypothesis when it is false 
C)  The probability of rejecting the null hypothesis when it is true 
D)  a and b 
A)  The Beta 
B)  The probability of not rejecting the null hypothesis when it is false 
C)  The probability of rejecting the null hypothesis when it is true 
D)  a and b

Question 5

Complications of NHST include:

Accepted Answer

A)  The null hypothesis is rarely true 
B)  The null hypothesis is directional 
C)  A smaller p value indicates stronger relationship 
D)  A p value gives important information regarding substantive and clinical significance 
A)  The null hypothesis is rarely true 
B)  The null hypothesis is directional 
C)  A smaller p value indicates stronger relationship 
D)  A p value gives important information regarding substantive and clinical significance

Question 6

A t value has a probability of .05. This means that:

Accepted Answer

A)  There is a probability that 5 times out of 100 the alternative hypothesis is true 
B)  There is a probability that 5 times out of 100 the null hypothesis is true 
C)  There is a probability that 5 times out of 100 the null hypothesis will be rejected when it is false 
D)  There is a probability that 5 times out of 100 the null hypothesis will not be rejected when it is true 
A)  There is a probability that 5 times out of 100 the alternative hypothesis is true 
B)  There is a probability that 5 times out of 100 the null hypothesis is true 
C)  There is a probability that 5 times out of 100 the null hypothesis will be rejected when it is false 
D)  There is a probability that 5 times out of 100 the null hypothesis will not be rejected when it is true

Question 7

A p value tells us:

Accepted Answer

A)  Given these data, what is the probability of H0? 
B)  Given that H0 is false, what is the probability of these data? 
C)  Given that H0 is false, what is the probability that H0 may be true? 
D)  Given that H0 is true, what is the probability of these data? 
E)  None of the above 
A)  Given these data, what is the probability of H0? 
B)  Given that H0 is false, what is the probability of these data? 
C)  Given that H0 is false, what is the probability that H0 may be true? 
D)  Given that H0 is true, what is the probability of these data? 
E)  None of the above

Question 8

It is best to have power be less than .05.

Accepted Answer

A) True 
 B)False

Question 9

The cut point of p < .05 is artificial.

Accepted Answer

A) True 
 B)False

Question 10

Power can be determined by knowing the sample size, the significance level, and an estimate of the study's effect size.

Accepted Answer

A) True 
 B)False

Question 11

In order to gain power, the alpha level should be set at .01.

Accepted Answer

A) True 
 B)False

Question 12

A statistical outcome that could occur less than 5 times in 100 (alpha = .05) should result in:

Accepted Answer

A)  Rejection of the alternative hypothesis 
B)  Rejection of the null hypothesis 
C)  Not rejecting the null hypothesis 
D)  a and c 
A)  Rejection of the alternative hypothesis 
B)  Rejection of the null hypothesis 
C)  Not rejecting the null hypothesis 
D)  a and c

Question 13

A null hypothesis states that there will be no significant differences in the population between the average weights of one group of women who have sports-related hobbies versus a group of women with non-sports-related hobbies. A Type I error would be to:

Accepted Answer

A)  Reject the null hypothesis when it is true 
B)  Reject the null hypothesis when it is false 
C)  Not reject the null hypothesis when it is false 
D)  Not reject the null hypothesis when it is true 
A)  Reject the null hypothesis when it is true 
B)  Reject the null hypothesis when it is false 
C)  Not reject the null hypothesis when it is false 
D)  Not reject the null hypothesis when it is true

Question 14

Rex All developed what he thinks is a miracle drug to cure baldness. He asks you for advice on how to maximize statistical power so that he can "prove" that Hair Today really works. You tell him that the best way to maximize power is to:

Accepted Answer

A)  Increase the sample size 
B)  Set the alpha level at .10 
C)  Use a nondirectional hypothesis 
D)  Use a directional hypothesis 
A)  Increase the sample size 
B)  Set the alpha level at .10 
C)  Use a nondirectional hypothesis 
D)  Use a directional hypothesis

Question 15

What significance level for a directional hypothesis is the same as .05 for a non-directional hypothesis?

Accepted Answer

A)  .05 
B)  .025 
C)  .10 
D)  .01 
A)  .05 
B)  .025 
C)  .10 
D)  .01

Question 16

To estimate power, a researcher will need to know:

Accepted Answer

A)  Size of the sample 
B)  The significance level (α) 
C)  The estimated effect size of the relationship 
D)  All of the above 
A)  Size of the sample 
B)  The significance level (α) 
C)  The estimated effect size of the relationship 
D)  All of the above

Question 17

We can never be sure if a decision based on sample data is actually true for the population.

Accepted Answer

A) True 
 B)False

Question 18

A small sample size may not produce enough power to reject a false null hypothesis.

Accepted Answer

A) True 
 B)False

Question 19

A p value of .06 should add supporting evidence to the results of a study.

Accepted Answer

A) True 
 B)False

Question 20

By divine revelation, a researcher discovers that his hypothesis was, in fact, true and he should never have rejected it. The researcher:

Accepted Answer

A)  Did not reject the null hypothesis when it is true 
B)  Did reject the null hypothesis when it is false 
C)  Did reject the null hypothesis when in fact it is true 
D)  Did not reject the null hypothesis when it is false 
A)  Did not reject the null hypothesis when it is true 
B)  Did reject the null hypothesis when it is false 
C)  Did reject the null hypothesis when in fact it is true 
D)  Did not reject the null hypothesis when it is false

Exam 16: Making Inferences From Sample Data I: The Null Hypothesis Significance Testing Approach

Nondirectional alternative hypotheses often are used when comparing two different treatment methods.

Directional alternative hypotheses should be used when there is previous research to support the intervention.

Ideally, one should aim for a power of .80.

Type II error refers to:

Complications of NHST include:

A t value has a probability of .05. This means that:

A p value tells us:

It is best to have power be less than .05.

The cut point of p < .05 is artificial.

Power can be determined by knowing the sample size, the significance level, and an estimate of the study's effect size.

In order to gain power, the alpha level should be set at .01.

A statistical outcome that could occur less than 5 times in 100 (alpha = .05) should result in:

A null hypothesis states that there will be no significant differences in the population between the average weights of one group of women who have sports-related hobbies versus a group of women with non-sports-related hobbies. A Type I error would be to:

Rex All developed what he thinks is a miracle drug to cure baldness. He asks you for advice on how to maximize statistical power so that he can "prove" that Hair Today really works. You tell him that the best way to maximize power is to:

What significance level for a directional hypothesis is the same as .05 for a non-directional hypothesis?

To estimate power, a researcher will need to know:

We can never be sure if a decision based on sample data is actually true for the population.

A small sample size may not produce enough power to reject a false null hypothesis.

A p value of .06 should add supporting evidence to the results of a study.

By divine revelation, a researcher discovers that his hypothesis was, in fact, true and he should never have rejected it. The researcher:

Definitions, Purposes, and Dimensions of Research

Planning a Quantitative Research Project

Variables, Research Questions, and Hypotheses

Research Approaches

Randomized Experimental and Quasi-Experimental Designs

Single-Subject Designs

Nonexperimental Approachesdesigns

Internal Validity

Sampling and Introduction to External Validity

Measurement and Descriptive Statistics

Measurement Reliability

Measurement Validity

Types of Data Collection Techniques

Ethical Issues in Conducting the Study

Practical Issues in Data Collection and Coding

Making Inferences From Sample Data II: the Evidence-Based Approach

General Design Classifications for Selection of Difference Statistical Methods

Selection of Appropriate Statistical Methods: Integration of Design and Analysis

Data Analysis and Interpretation: Basic Difference Questions

Analysis and Interpretation of Basic Associational Research Questions

Analysis and Interpretation of Complex Research Questions

Evaluating Research Validity: Part I

Evaluating Research Validity: Part II

Evaluating Research for Evidence-Based Practice

Writing the Research Report

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