Exam 5: Groups and Organizations.

__________ focus on how the size of the group influences the kind of behaviors that take place among members.

According to sociologist Robert Merton, the term bureaucratic personality describes those workers who are more concerned with following correct procedures than they are with getting the job done correctly. Such workers are usually capable of handling a unique problem or an emergency effectively, but are frequently unable to handle routine situations.

Sociologist __________ coined the terms ingroup and outgroup to describe people's feelings toward members of their own and other groups.

In relation to group conformity, summarize Solomon Asch's research.

Ann, Gloria, Sandra, and John were college students who met for the first time in a sociology class. They studied together for the tests, pooling their notes. Otherwise, they saw each other only occasionally when their paths crossed between classes. Sociologists would term their relationship as __________.

A(n) __________ is a collection of people who happen to be in the same place at the same time but share little else in common.

A(n) __________ is an organizational model characterized by a hierarchy of authority, a clear division of labor, explicit rules and procedures, and impersonality in personal matters.

The Americans with Disabilities Act prohibits employers in workplaces with more than twenty-five employees from asking job applicants about medical information or requiring a physical examination prior to employment.

The size of a group is one of its most important features. Interactions are more personal and intense in a small group, a collectivity small enough for all members to be acquainted with one another and to interact simultaneously.

Consciousness of kind best relates to which other sociological concept

Sociologists Robyn Driskell and Larry Lyon concluded that __________ on the Internet do not have geographic and social boundaries, are limited in their scope to specific areas of interest, are psychologically detached from close interpersonal ties, and have only limited concern for their "members."

__________ needs cannot always be met by one person, so the group works cooperatively to fulfill a specific goal.

In reference to Stanley Milgram's study, the text points out that __________.

Social psychologist __________ examined group decision making among political experts and found that major blunders in U.S. history may be attributed to pressure toward group conformity.

Conflict theorists focus on how the size of the group influences the kind of interaction that takes place among members.

According to social psychologist Irving Janis' theory on "groupthink," members usually want to be "team players." They may not want to be the ones who undermine the group's consensus or who challenge the group's leaders. Consequently, members often limit or withhold their opinions and focus on consensus rather than exploring all of the options and determining the best course of action.

Describe dyads and triads and explain the phenomena of changes in interaction patterns.

Discuss the major shortcomings of bureaucracies and their effects on workers, clients or customers, as well as levels of productivity.

According to sociologist George Ritzer, formal rationality has four dimensions: efficiency, predictability, emphasis on quantity rather than quality, and control through nonhuman technologies.

Total institutions, such as boot camps, prisons, and some mental hospitals, are examples of __________ organizations.