Exam 5: Groups and Organizations.

Susan and Mary are middle-aged women who have been neighbors for twenty-five years. They talk daily about each other's grandchildren, share grocery shopping trips, and offer each other advice. They share a(n) __________ group relationship.

Sociologist Charles H. Cooley used the term __________ to describe a small, less specialized group in which members engage in face-to-face, emotion-based interactions over an extended period of time.

A(n) __________ organization is a highly structured secondary group formed for the purpose of achieving specific goals in the most efficient manner.

Max Weber uses the term consciousness of kind to describe a setting in which certain individuals are excluded, limited or subjected to certain conditions.

Groups assist their members reach specific goals. These are called expressive needs.

People in aggregates share a common purpose (such as purchasing items or arriving at their destination) but generally do not interact with one another, except perhaps briefly.

Which of the following is not one of the ideal-type characteristics of bureaucratic organizations, as specified by Max Weber?

Sociologist George Ritzer has applied Weber's theories to an examination of fast-food restaurants such as McDonald's. In the process of "McDonaldization," he identified four dimensions of formal rationality. Which of the following was not a dimension identified?

George is the leader of a task force which is trying to determine whether there should be a change in student housing policies. He has held three group discussions and outlined the steps he feels are necessary to reach the goal of the task force. He allows the group to work at their own pace. After receiving recommendations from the task force members, he offered alternatives he felt should be made. George's style of leadership would be best described as __________.

Political parties, ecological activist groups, religious organizations, parent-teacher associations, and college sororities and fraternities are examples of __________ organizations.

Jane is a member of a group that is developing a questionnaire as a group project in her sociology class. Whenever they meet, Jane finds that the other group members are easily sidetracked and she is always trying to keep the group focused on developing the questionnaire together. Jane would be considered the __________ leader of the group.

Men and women make up __________, as do Native Americans and Latinos/as, and victims of sexual or racial harassment.

In 2003, NASA engineers expressed concerns about launching the space shuttle Challenger. However, these concerns were overruled and led to a tragic explosion. This is cited as an example of

A worker who is more concerned with following the rules than getting the job done is referred to as a bureaucratic personality.

Examples of a(n) __________ include the following: several people waiting for a traffic light to change, shoppers in a department store, and passengers on an airplane flight.

The informal side of a bureaucracy is composed of those aspects of participants' day-to-day activities and interactions that ignore, bypass, or do not correspond with the official rules and procedures of the bureaucracy.

According to sociologist Max Weber, __________ is the process by which traditional methods of social organization, characterized by informality and spontaneity, are gradually replaced by efficiently administered formal rules and procedures.

The research conducted by Stanley Milgram and his colleagues provides evidence that obedience to authority __________.

The leader of a work group has proposed a solution to a problem that some group members believe will have negative results. Instead of discussing their concerns, they do not want to challenge the leader's authority. The result is an unwise decision. The group experienced __________.

Leaders using the __________ style of leadership are only minimally involved in decision making and encourage group members to make their own decisions.