Exam 5: Groups and Organizations.

__________ suggest that groups involve a series of power relationships whereby the needs of individual members may not be equally served.

In Stanley Milgram's experiments, none of the "teachers" challenged the process before they had applied __________ volts.

Which of the following is not a major problem of bureaucracies?

Sociologist __________, in his study of bureaucracies relied on an ideal type analysis, which he adapted from the field of economics.

The "grapevine" spreads information (with varying degrees of accuracy) much faster than do official channels of communication, which tend to be slow and unresponsive. The "grapevine" is an example of _________________________.

A(n) __________ is an alliance created in an attempt to reach a shared objective or goal.

The text points out that when we look at an organizational chart, the official, formal structure of a bureaucracy is readily apparent. In practice, however, a bureaucracy has patterns of activities and interactions that cannot be accounted for by its organizational chart. These are referred to as __________.

Leadership in secondary groups (such as colleges, governmental agencies, and corporations) involves __________, with written responsibilities assigned to each position in the organizational structure.

A(n) __________ is a group to which a person does not belong and toward which the person may feel a sense of competitiveness or hostility.

The __________ style of leadership makes all major group decisions and assigns tasks to members.

The textbook points out that ingroup and outgroup distinctions __________.

Examples of __________ include two people who are best friends, married couples, and domestic partnerships. They provide members with an intense bond and a sense of unity not found in most larger groups.

An organization's __________ is composed of those aspects of participants' day-to-day activities and interactions that ignore, bypass, or do not correspond with the official rules and procedures of the bureaucracy.

For a person who strongly believes in the value of human rights and equal opportunity, which of the following would not constitute a reference group?

In relation to types of groups, describe sociologist Charles Horton Cooley's theory on primary and secondary groups.

In relation to types of groups, describe sociologist William Graham Sumner's theory on ingroups and outgroups.

Authoritarian leaders focus on the instrumental tasks of the group and demand compliance from others. In times of crisis, such as a war or natural disaster, these leaders may be commended for their decisive actions. In other situations, however, they may be criticized for being dictatorial and for fostering intergroup hostility.

__________ leadership is most appropriate when the group's purpose is to complete a task or reach a particular goal.

People do not voluntarily become members of coercive organizations. Total institution environments are characterized by restrictive barriers (such as locks, bars, and security guards) that make it impossible for people to leave freely.

Summarize sociologist Amitai Etzioni's theory on the types of formal organizations.