Exam 5: Groups and Organizations.

Summarize sociologist Max Weber's ideal characteristics of bureaucracy.

According to __________, people form groups to meet instrumental and expressive needs.

A(n) __________ is an abstract model that describes the recurring characteristics of some phenomenon (such as bureaucracy).

Historically, the basic premise of groups and organizations was that individuals would engage in face-to-face interactions in order to be part of a group. Today, technological devices like the Internet or cell phone serve this function.

Leaders using the __________ style of leadership may be praised for their expressive, supportive behavior toward group members, but they may also be blamed for being indecisive in times of crisis.

Compare U.S. and Japanese models of organization

According to sociologist Charles H. Cooley, a(n) __________ group is a larger, more specialized group in which the members engage in more impersonal, goal-oriented relationships for a limited period of time.

Describe the research of Stanley Milgram and explain its contributions to our understanding of obedience to authority.

__________ is the process of maintaining or changing behavior to comply with the norms established by a society, subculture, or other group.

In his study of conformity, Solomon Asch found that __________.

A(n) __________ is a group to which a person belongs and with which the person feels a sense of identity.

We voluntarily join __________ organizations when they can provide us with a material reward we seek.

Cody is a member of the L.A. Crips. The other gangs in his territory are the Bloods and Satan's Slaves. Cody feels very antagonistic toward the Bloods and Satan's Slaves. For Cody, these two rival gangs would be considered a(n) __________.

A(n) __________ is a collection of two or more people who interact frequently with one another, share a sense of belonging, and have a feeling of interdependence.

In a series of experiments conducted by Solomon Asch, the pressure toward group conformity was so great that participants were willing to contradict their own best judgment if the rest of the group disagreed with them. Although 65 percent always gave correct responses, even they felt very uneasy.

Camryn is a senior at the local university and plans to go to graduate school to become a sociologist. During her last semester, she has been using graduate sociology student papers as standards in evaluating her own writing skills. For Camryn, the graduate sociology students have become her __________.

Explain what is meant by the concept of groupthink and elaborate on reasons why it can be dangerous for organizations.

Describe the iron law of oligarchy and explain why bureaucratic hierarchies and oligarchies go hand in hand.

Compare normative, coercive, and utilitarian organizations and describe the nature of membership in each.

__________ leadership is goal- or task-oriented.