Question 1

If you ignore base-rate information,what type of error will you probably make?​

Accepted Answer

A) Doing something by yourself instead of accepting others' help​ 
B) ​Misidentifying some common event as some rare event 
C) ​Buying something on impulse and then regretting your decision later 
D) ​Continuing to invest your time and money in a project that is failing 
A) Doing something by yourself instead of accepting others' help​ 
B) ​Misidentifying some common event as some rare event 
C) ​Buying something on impulse and then regretting your decision later 
D) ​Continuing to invest your time and money in a project that is failing

Question 2

Which of these is characteristic of Williams syndrome?​

Accepted Answer

A) Cross-modal perception, such as seeing the letter A as red, or Tuesday as a buzzing sound 
B) ​Nearly normal speech understanding despite impaired speech production 
C) ​Surprisingly good language despite low overall intelligence 
D) ​Frequent unprovoked shouting of loud sounds and vulgar words 
A) Cross-modal perception, such as seeing the letter A as red, or Tuesday as a buzzing sound 
B) ​Nearly normal speech understanding despite impaired speech production 
C) ​Surprisingly good language despite low overall intelligence 
D) ​Frequent unprovoked shouting of loud sounds and vulgar words

Question 3

Because you easily remember times when you changed a right answer to a wrong one,you conclude (incorrectly!)that you should never change answers.What does this tendency illustrate?​

Accepted Answer

A) The framing effect 
B) ​The representativeness heuristic 
C) ​The availability heuristic 
D) ​The attentional blink 
A) The framing effect 
B) ​The representativeness heuristic 
C) ​The availability heuristic 
D) ​The attentional blink

Question 4

​Which of these means about the same as "bottom-up" process?

Accepted Answer

A) Prototype​ 
B) ​Priming 
C) ​Preattentive process 
D) ​Attentive process 
A) Prototype​ 
B) ​Priming 
C) ​Preattentive process 
D) ​Attentive process

Question 5

​Which of the following explains why chimpanzees cannot make human sounds?

Accepted Answer

A) Chimpanzees cannot learn to imitate. 
B) ​Chimpanzees are smaller than humans and make sounds at higher pitches. 
C) ​In chimpanzees, the left and right hemispheres are equal in size. 
D) ​Chimpanzees make sounds while inhaling instead of while exhaling. 
A) Chimpanzees cannot learn to imitate. 
B) ​Chimpanzees are smaller than humans and make sounds at higher pitches. 
C) ​In chimpanzees, the left and right hemispheres are equal in size. 
D) ​Chimpanzees make sounds while inhaling instead of while exhaling.

Question 6

When expert athletes or musicians practice their skills,how do they spend their time?​

Accepted Answer

A) Mostly they concentrate on improving the skills they already do well. 
B) ​Mostly they concentrate on the skills they perform worst. 
C) ​They practice only one skill in any practice session. 
D) ​They try to relax and do whatever skill they enjoy at the moment. 
A) Mostly they concentrate on improving the skills they already do well. 
B) ​Mostly they concentrate on the skills they perform worst. 
C) ​They practice only one skill in any practice session. 
D) ​They try to relax and do whatever skill they enjoy at the moment.

Question 7

What is the current view about why most musicians have better than average hearing?​

Accepted Answer

A) Any prolonged, repeated exposure to music improves someone's hearing. 
B) ​Just hearing music isn't enough, but practice at playing music improves hearing. 
C) ​People with good hearing are more likely than others to become musicians. 
D) ​The genes that improve hearing are common in the ethnic groups who like to play music. 
A) Any prolonged, repeated exposure to music improves someone's hearing. 
B) ​Just hearing music isn't enough, but practice at playing music improves hearing. 
C) ​People with good hearing are more likely than others to become musicians. 
D) ​The genes that improve hearing are common in the ethnic groups who like to play music.

Question 8

Why do people reading Chinese read fewer characters per fixation than people reading English?​

Accepted Answer

A) A Chinese character has to be printed in a larger font, so it occupies more of the retina. 
B) ​On average, English-speaking people have more experience at reading. 
C) ​Most Chinese characters have ambiguous meanings. 
D) ​A Chinese character conveys more information than an English letter. 
A) A Chinese character has to be printed in a larger font, so it occupies more of the retina. 
B) ​On average, English-speaking people have more experience at reading. 
C) ​Most Chinese characters have ambiguous meanings. 
D) ​A Chinese character conveys more information than an English letter.

Question 9

​What is meant by a "bottom-up" process in attention?

Accepted Answer

A) You start by looking at the bottom half of something. 
B) ​You decide to shift your attention from one item to another. 
C) ​Some stimulus automatically grabs your attention. 
D) ​Your attention shifts slowly, one step at a time. 
A) You start by looking at the bottom half of something. 
B) ​You decide to shift your attention from one item to another. 
C) ​Some stimulus automatically grabs your attention. 
D) ​Your attention shifts slowly, one step at a time.

Question 10

The research with bonobos implies what about language learning?​

Accepted Answer

A) Learning is best at a later age, and best if it relies on classical conditioning. 
B) ​Learning is best at a later age, and best if it relies on schedules of reinforcement. 
C) ​Learning is best at an early age, and best if it relies on schedules of reinforcement. 
D) ​Learning is best at an early age, and best if it relies on imitation. 
A) Learning is best at a later age, and best if it relies on classical conditioning. 
B) ​Learning is best at a later age, and best if it relies on schedules of reinforcement. 
C) ​Learning is best at an early age, and best if it relies on schedules of reinforcement. 
D) ​Learning is best at an early age, and best if it relies on imitation.

Question 11

If you make a choice as soon as you find something good enough,what are you doing?​

Accepted Answer

A) Satisficing 
B) ​Maximizing 
C) ​Consolidating 
D) ​Framing 
A) Satisficing 
B) ​Maximizing 
C) ​Consolidating 
D) ​Framing

Question 12

After waiting in line for an hour to buy tickets, you discover that the tickets cost more than you wanted to pay.You buy them anyway, to avoid wasting that much time.What tendency does this show?​

Accepted Answer

A) Confirmation bias 
B) ​Functional fixedness 
C) ​Sunk cost effect 
D) ​Framing effect 
A) Confirmation bias 
B) ​Functional fixedness 
C) ​Sunk cost effect 
D) ​Framing effect

Question 13

The "productivity" of human language is the ability to do what?​

Accepted Answer

A) To carry on a conversation 
B) ​To respond to language by actually doing something 
C) ​To create new sentences 
D) ​To learn new words 
A) To carry on a conversation 
B) ​To respond to language by actually doing something 
C) ​To create new sentences 
D) ​To learn new words

Question 14

What kind of thinking or problem solving relies on "System 2"?​

Accepted Answer

A) The kinds of thinking children show during Piaget's sensorimotor period 
B) ​The kinds of thinking children show during Piaget's preoperational period 
C) ​Easy, automatic tasks such as recognizing faces 
D) ​Difficult questions that require careful attention 
A) The kinds of thinking children show during Piaget's sensorimotor period 
B) ​The kinds of thinking children show during Piaget's preoperational period 
C) ​Easy, automatic tasks such as recognizing faces 
D) ​Difficult questions that require careful attention

Question 15

​Of the possible benefits of stimulant drugs,which one is most strongly demonstrated?

Accepted Answer

A) After several years of use, the drugs improve academic performance. 
B) ​Fairly quickly, the drugs reduce impulsivity and attention problems. 
C) ​The drugs improve academic performance for those already doing well. 
D) ​The drugs prevent the later development of bipolar disorder. 
A) After several years of use, the drugs improve academic performance. 
B) ​Fairly quickly, the drugs reduce impulsivity and attention problems. 
C) ​The drugs improve academic performance for those already doing well. 
D) ​The drugs prevent the later development of bipolar disorder.

Question 16

In a wide variety of fields, including chess and violin, what is necessary for developing expertise?

Accepted Answer

A) Interest in a variety of activities 
B) ​Many years of practice 
C) ​Overall intelligence in the top one percent 
D) ​Exceptionally acute vision and hearing 
A) Interest in a variety of activities 
B) ​Many years of practice 
C) ​Overall intelligence in the top one percent 
D) ​Exceptionally acute vision and hearing

Question 17

What happens if a deaf child learns neither spoken language nor sign language during childhood?​

Accepted Answer

A) The child's optimum period for language learning is postponed to later in life. 
B) ​The child will be severely limited at learning either type of language later. 
C) ​The child will not learn to speak, but can still learn sign language later in life. 
D) ​The language areas of the child's brain change into visual areas. 
A) The child's optimum period for language learning is postponed to later in life. 
B) ​The child will be severely limited at learning either type of language later. 
C) ​The child will not learn to speak, but can still learn sign language later in life. 
D) ​The language areas of the child's brain change into visual areas.

Question 18

​Which of these species has shown the greatest ability to use symbols to communicate?

Accepted Answer

A) Whales 
B) ​Pandas 
C) ​Bonobos 
D) ​Pigeons 
A) Whales 
B) ​Pandas 
C) ​Bonobos 
D) ​Pigeons

Question 19

According to a connectionist model,how do you perceive a word?​

Accepted Answer

A) You identify each letter one at a time, and then combine them to perceive a word. 
B) ​You tentatively identify letters, which then excite a word unit, which confirms the letters. 
C) ​You identify the first and last letters of the word, and then you guess at the rest of it. 
D) ​Your left hemisphere sees the first half of the word and your right hemisphere, the rest. 
A) You identify each letter one at a time, and then combine them to perceive a word. 
B) ​You tentatively identify letters, which then excite a word unit, which confirms the letters. 
C) ​You identify the first and last letters of the word, and then you guess at the rest of it. 
D) ​Your left hemisphere sees the first half of the word and your right hemisphere, the rest.

Question 20

People with ADHD (attention deficit/hyperactivity disorder)most often show what attention problem?​

Accepted Answer

A) They pay more attention to the left side of the world than to the right side. 
B) ​They cannot pay attention to anything for more than a few minutes at a time. 
C) ​They have trouble shifting attention when they need to. 
D) ​They fail to show bottom-up control of attention. 
A) They pay more attention to the left side of the world than to the right side. 
B) ​They cannot pay attention to anything for more than a few minutes at a time. 
C) ​They have trouble shifting attention when they need to. 
D) ​They fail to show bottom-up control of attention.

Exam 8: Cognition and Language

If you ignore base-rate information,what type of error will you probably make?​

Which of these is characteristic of Williams syndrome?​

Because you easily remember times when you changed a right answer to a wrong one,you conclude (incorrectly!)that you should never change answers.What does this tendency illustrate?​

​Which of these means about the same as "bottom-up" process?

​Which of the following explains why chimpanzees cannot make human sounds?

When expert athletes or musicians practice their skills,how do they spend their time?​

What is the current view about why most musicians have better than average hearing?​

Why do people reading Chinese read fewer characters per fixation than people reading English?​

​What is meant by a "bottom-up" process in attention?

The research with bonobos implies what about language learning?​

If you make a choice as soon as you find something good enough,what are you doing?​

After waiting in line for an hour to buy tickets, you discover that the tickets cost more than you wanted to pay.You buy them anyway, to avoid wasting that much time.What tendency does this show?​

The "productivity" of human language is the ability to do what?​

What kind of thinking or problem solving relies on "System 2"?​

​Of the possible benefits of stimulant drugs,which one is most strongly demonstrated?

In a wide variety of fields, including chess and violin, what is necessary for developing expertise?

What happens if a deaf child learns neither spoken language nor sign language during childhood?​

​Which of these species has shown the greatest ability to use symbols to communicate?

According to a connectionist model,how do you perceive a word?​

People with ADHD (attention deficit/hyperactivity disorder)most often show what attention problem?​

What Is Psychology

Scientific Methods in Psychology

A: Scientific Methods in Psychology

Biological Psychology

A: Biological Psychology

Sensation and Perception

A: Sensation and Perception

Development

A: Development

Learning

A: Learning

Memory

A: Memory

A: Cognition and Language

Intelligenceintelligence

A: Intelligence Intelligence

Consciousnessconsciousness

A: Consciousnessconsciousness

Motivated Behaviorsmotivated Behaviors

A: Motivated Behaviorsmotivated Behaviors

Part 1 Emotions,stress,and Healthemotions,stress,and Health

A: Emotional,stress,and Healthemotional,stress,and Health

Social Psychologysocial Psychology

A: Social Psychologysocial Psychology

Personalitypersonality

A: Personalitypersonality

Part 1 Abnormal Psychology: Disorders and Treatmentabnormal Psychology: Disorders and Treatment

A: Abnormal Psychology: Disorders and Treatmentabnormal Psychology: Disorders and Treatment

Filters

If you ignore base-rate information,what type of error will you probably make?

Which of these is characteristic of Williams syndrome?

Because you easily remember times when you changed a right answer to a wrong one,you conclude (incorrectly!)that you should never change answers.What does this tendency illustrate?

Which of these means about the same as "bottom-up" process?

Which of the following explains why chimpanzees cannot make human sounds?

When expert athletes or musicians practice their skills,how do they spend their time?

What is the current view about why most musicians have better than average hearing?

Why do people reading Chinese read fewer characters per fixation than people reading English?

What is meant by a "bottom-up" process in attention?

The research with bonobos implies what about language learning?

If you make a choice as soon as you find something good enough,what are you doing?

After waiting in line for an hour to buy tickets, you discover that the tickets cost more than you wanted to pay.You buy them anyway, to avoid wasting that much time.What tendency does this show?

The "productivity" of human language is the ability to do what?

What kind of thinking or problem solving relies on "System 2"?

Of the possible benefits of stimulant drugs,which one is most strongly demonstrated?

What happens if a deaf child learns neither spoken language nor sign language during childhood?

Which of these species has shown the greatest ability to use symbols to communicate?

According to a connectionist model,how do you perceive a word?

People with ADHD (attention deficit/hyperactivity disorder)most often show what attention problem?