Question 1

What do we call the system for converting a deep structure into a surface structure in language?​

Accepted Answer

A) Language acquisition device 
B) ​Transformational grammar 
C) ​Near transfer 
D) ​Far transfer 
A) Language acquisition device 
B) ​Transformational grammar 
C) ​Near transfer 
D) ​Far transfer

Question 2

Expert chess and average chess players look at a chessboard for a few seconds.Under what condition,if any,will the expert players remember the arrangement better than the other players?​

Accepted Answer

A) Only if the pieces are arranged in a difficult, unfamiliar pattern 
B) ​Only if the pieces are arranged as they might be in a normal game 
C) ​Under all conditions, regardless of how the pieces are arranged 
D) ​Under no conditions, regardless of how the pieces are arranged 
A) Only if the pieces are arranged in a difficult, unfamiliar pattern 
B) ​Only if the pieces are arranged as they might be in a normal game 
C) ​Under all conditions, regardless of how the pieces are arranged 
D) ​Under no conditions, regardless of how the pieces are arranged

Question 3

What is meant by the term base-rate information?​

Accepted Answer

A) How rare or common something is 
B) ​The quality of some product relative to its price 
C) ​How popular something is 
D) ​Whether something has been increasing or decreasing over time 
A) How rare or common something is 
B) ​The quality of some product relative to its price 
C) ​How popular something is 
D) ​Whether something has been increasing or decreasing over time

Question 4

​If you look at a complex scene,close your eyes for a second,and look again,you probably won't notice a small difference in the scene.What is this phenomenon called?

Accepted Answer

A) Spreading activation 
B) ​Choice blindness 
C) ​Change blindness 
D) ​Functional fixedness 
A) Spreading activation 
B) ​Choice blindness 
C) ​Change blindness 
D) ​Functional fixedness

Question 5

When do children start using grammatical rules,such as how to make plurals and past tense?​

Accepted Answer

A) From an early age, often by age 3 years 
B) ​Only after their parents correct their mistakes 
C) ​Only after the children enter elementary school 
D) ​Only after other children have corrected their mistakes 
A) From an early age, often by age 3 years 
B) ​Only after their parents correct their mistakes 
C) ​Only after the children enter elementary school 
D) ​Only after other children have corrected their mistakes

Question 6

How many phonemes and morphemes are in the word enough?​

Accepted Answer

A) One phoneme and four morphemes 
B) ​Four phonemes and one morpheme 
C) ​Two phonemes and six morphemes 
D) ​Six phonemes and two morphemes 
A) One phoneme and four morphemes 
B) ​Four phonemes and one morpheme 
C) ​Two phonemes and six morphemes 
D) ​Six phonemes and two morphemes

Question 7

​Studies of expert chess players and professional basketball players led to what general conclusion?

Accepted Answer

A) Experts develop greater than average overall intelligence. 
B) ​Experts are born with unusually high overall intelligence. 
C) ​Experts learn to recognize common patterns at once. 
D) ​Experts do things the same way as anyone else, and at the same speed. 
A) Experts develop greater than average overall intelligence. 
B) ​Experts are born with unusually high overall intelligence. 
C) ​Experts learn to recognize common patterns at once. 
D) ​Experts do things the same way as anyone else, and at the same speed.

Question 8

Despite low overall intelligence,people with Williams syndrome do surprisingly well at what?​

Accepted Answer

A) Mathematics 
B) ​Language 
C) ​Graphic design 
D) ​Attention and planning 
A) Mathematics 
B) ​Language 
C) ​Graphic design 
D) ​Attention and planning

Question 9

Which of these is an example of the framing effect?​​

Accepted Answer

A) Many students will work harder to avoid losing points than to gain extra points. 
B) Many people will go out in bad weather to see a show because they already bought tickets. 
C) ​Because people remember cases of airplane crashes, they overestimate their frequency. 
D) ​People tend to assume that every tall man is a basketball player. 
A) Many students will work harder to avoid losing points than to gain extra points. 
B) Many people will go out in bad weather to see a show because they already bought tickets. 
C) ​Because people remember cases of airplane crashes, they overestimate their frequency. 
D) ​People tend to assume that every tall man is a basketball player.

Question 10

​Psychologists developed the concept of spreading activation to explain what phenomenon?

Accepted Answer

A) Hearing a word primes you to think of related words. 
B) ​Trying to do two things at the same time impairs performance of at least one of them. 
C) ​Many highly emotional people also tend to be highly creative. 
D) ​People who can control their attention well also control their emotions well. 
A) Hearing a word primes you to think of related words. 
B) ​Trying to do two things at the same time impairs performance of at least one of them. 
C) ​Many highly emotional people also tend to be highly creative. 
D) ​People who can control their attention well also control their emotions well.

Question 11

​What has research shown about "far transfer"?

Accepted Answer

A) It never occurs. 
B) ​It is generally a small, inconsistent effect. 
C) ​It occurs in older people, but not in children or young adults. 
D) ​It is a strong, robust phenomenon in almost all cases. 
A) It never occurs. 
B) ​It is generally a small, inconsistent effect. 
C) ​It occurs in older people, but not in children or young adults. 
D) ​It is a strong, robust phenomenon in almost all cases.

Question 12

Why would it be impossible to have more than 20 to 40 fixations per second?​

Accepted Answer

A) Vision cannot scan more than 200 to 400 items per second. 
B) ​Memory cannot absorb more than 200 to 400 items per second. 
C) ​The eye muscles would fatigue at any faster rate. 
D) ​Each saccade lasts 25 to 50 ms. 
A) Vision cannot scan more than 200 to 400 items per second. 
B) ​Memory cannot absorb more than 200 to 400 items per second. 
C) ​The eye muscles would fatigue at any faster rate. 
D) ​Each saccade lasts 25 to 50 ms.

Question 13

How many morphemes are in the word friends?​

Accepted Answer

A) 1 
B) ​2 
C) ​3 
D) ​7 
A) 1 
B) ​2 
C) ​3 
D) ​7

Question 14

What is one reason why bonobos have shown greater progress in language development than the species in previous language-training studies?​

Accepted Answer

A) The bonobos' training relied more heavily on positive reinforcement schedules. 
B) ​The bonobos' training relied more heavily on imitation. 
C) ​The bonobos' training relied more heavily on classical conditioning. 
D) ​The bonobos' training waited until the animals were older. 
A) The bonobos' training relied more heavily on positive reinforcement schedules. 
B) ​The bonobos' training relied more heavily on imitation. 
C) ​The bonobos' training relied more heavily on classical conditioning. 
D) ​The bonobos' training waited until the animals were older.

Question 15

​Which of the following tends to be true of satisficers?

Accepted Answer

A) They consider many possibilities before making a decision. 
B) ​They often regret their decisions and wonder whether another one would have been better. 
C) ​They choose fairly quickly but generally feel pleased with their choices. 
D) ​They consistently choose the least expensive of the choices available. 
A) They consider many possibilities before making a decision. 
B) ​They often regret their decisions and wonder whether another one would have been better. 
C) ​They choose fairly quickly but generally feel pleased with their choices. 
D) ​They consistently choose the least expensive of the choices available.

Question 16

What usually happens when people estimate the accuracy of their answers?​

Accepted Answer

A) On average, their estimates are about right. 
B) ​They are overconfident of their answers on difficult questions. 
C) ​They are overconfident of their answers on easy questions. 
D) ​They are underconfident of their answers to both easy and difficult questions. 
A) On average, their estimates are about right. 
B) ​They are overconfident of their answers on difficult questions. 
C) ​They are overconfident of their answers on easy questions. 
D) ​They are underconfident of their answers to both easy and difficult questions.

Question 17

If you are trying to think of uses for a balloon and you cannot think of anything other than entertaining children, which tendency have you demonstrated?

Accepted Answer

A) Framing effect 
B) ​Maximizing strategy 
C) Functional fixedness​ 
D) ​Failure to consider base-rate information 
A) Framing effect 
B) ​Maximizing strategy 
C) Functional fixedness​ 
D) ​Failure to consider base-rate information

Question 18

​If you can read about 11 letters during each eye fixation with a size 11 font,how many could you probably read per fixation with a size 16 font?

Accepted Answer

A) About 5 
B) ​About 6 or 7 
C) ​About 11 
D) ​About 16 
A) About 5 
B) ​About 6 or 7 
C) ​About 11 
D) ​About 16

Question 19

​According to the Stroop effect,which of the following is difficult?

Accepted Answer

A) It is difficult to perform two complex tasks at the same time. 
B) ​It is difficult to choose a larger reward later instead of a smaller reward immediately. 
C) ​It is difficult to notice something that changes in a scene, if it changes slowly. 
D) ​It is difficult to look at certain words written in color and name the color of ink. 
A) It is difficult to perform two complex tasks at the same time. 
B) ​It is difficult to choose a larger reward later instead of a smaller reward immediately. 
C) ​It is difficult to notice something that changes in a scene, if it changes slowly. 
D) ​It is difficult to look at certain words written in color and name the color of ink.

Question 20

Why do only humans have language,and other animal species do not?​

Accepted Answer

A) Humans have the largest brain in the animal kingdom. 
B) ​Humans hear a wider range of sounds than any other species. 
C) ​Humans have working memory, and other species do not. 
D) ​Humans have specialized areas of the brain that enable language. 
A) Humans have the largest brain in the animal kingdom. 
B) ​Humans hear a wider range of sounds than any other species. 
C) ​Humans have working memory, and other species do not. 
D) ​Humans have specialized areas of the brain that enable language.

Exam 8: Cognition and Language

What do we call the system for converting a deep structure into a surface structure in language?​

Expert chess and average chess players look at a chessboard for a few seconds.Under what condition,if any,will the expert players remember the arrangement better than the other players?​

What is meant by the term base-rate information?​

​If you look at a complex scene,close your eyes for a second,and look again,you probably won't notice a small difference in the scene.What is this phenomenon called?

When do children start using grammatical rules,such as how to make plurals and past tense?​

How many phonemes and morphemes are in the word enough?​

​Studies of expert chess players and professional basketball players led to what general conclusion?

Despite low overall intelligence,people with Williams syndrome do surprisingly well at what?​

Which of these is an example of the framing effect?​​

​Psychologists developed the concept of spreading activation to explain what phenomenon?

​What has research shown about "far transfer"?

Why would it be impossible to have more than 20 to 40 fixations per second?​

How many morphemes are in the word friends?​

What is one reason why bonobos have shown greater progress in language development than the species in previous language-training studies?​

​Which of the following tends to be true of satisficers?

What usually happens when people estimate the accuracy of their answers?​

If you are trying to think of uses for a balloon and you cannot think of anything other than entertaining children, which tendency have you demonstrated?

​If you can read about 11 letters during each eye fixation with a size 11 font,how many could you probably read per fixation with a size 16 font?

​According to the Stroop effect,which of the following is difficult?

Why do only humans have language,and other animal species do not?​

What Is Psychology

Scientific Methods in Psychology

A: Scientific Methods in Psychology

Biological Psychology

A: Biological Psychology

Sensation and Perception

A: Sensation and Perception

Development

A: Development

Learning

A: Learning

Memory

A: Memory

A: Cognition and Language

Intelligenceintelligence

A: Intelligence Intelligence

Consciousnessconsciousness

A: Consciousnessconsciousness

Motivated Behaviorsmotivated Behaviors

A: Motivated Behaviorsmotivated Behaviors

Part 1 Emotions,stress,and Healthemotions,stress,and Health

A: Emotional,stress,and Healthemotional,stress,and Health

Social Psychologysocial Psychology

A: Social Psychologysocial Psychology

Personalitypersonality

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Part 1 Abnormal Psychology: Disorders and Treatmentabnormal Psychology: Disorders and Treatment

A: Abnormal Psychology: Disorders and Treatmentabnormal Psychology: Disorders and Treatment

Filters

What do we call the system for converting a deep structure into a surface structure in language?

Expert chess and average chess players look at a chessboard for a few seconds.Under what condition,if any,will the expert players remember the arrangement better than the other players?

What is meant by the term base-rate information?

If you look at a complex scene,close your eyes for a second,and look again,you probably won't notice a small difference in the scene.What is this phenomenon called?

When do children start using grammatical rules,such as how to make plurals and past tense?

How many phonemes and morphemes are in the word enough?

Studies of expert chess players and professional basketball players led to what general conclusion?

Despite low overall intelligence,people with Williams syndrome do surprisingly well at what?

Which of these is an example of the framing effect?

Psychologists developed the concept of spreading activation to explain what phenomenon?

What has research shown about "far transfer"?

Why would it be impossible to have more than 20 to 40 fixations per second?

How many morphemes are in the word friends?

What is one reason why bonobos have shown greater progress in language development than the species in previous language-training studies?

Which of the following tends to be true of satisficers?

What usually happens when people estimate the accuracy of their answers?

If you can read about 11 letters during each eye fixation with a size 11 font,how many could you probably read per fixation with a size 16 font?

According to the Stroop effect,which of the following is difficult?

Why do only humans have language,and other animal species do not?