Question 1

​Because you can easily think of examples when someone got injured at school,you conclude that schools are dangerous places.That reasoning is an example of what?

Accepted Answer

A) Categorization by prototypes 
B) ​The availability heuristic 
C) ​The framing effect 
D) ​Functional fixedness 
A) Categorization by prototypes 
B) ​The availability heuristic 
C) ​The framing effect 
D) ​Functional fixedness

Question 2

People heard a cough or a tone replace the first "s" in the word legislatures.What conclusion did the result support?​

Accepted Answer

A) A brief intrusive sound blocks out a whole word. 
B) ​We hear each word separately, independently of its context. 
C) ​We hear letters one at a time and then combine them. 
D) ​We perceive a word as a whole, not as separate letters. 
A) A brief intrusive sound blocks out a whole word. 
B) ​We hear each word separately, independently of its context. 
C) ​We hear letters one at a time and then combine them. 
D) ​We perceive a word as a whole, not as separate letters.

Question 3

After you start to believe that someone is dangerous, you examine everything the person says or does for additional evidence of danger.In doing so, what are you demonstrating?

Accepted Answer

A) The framing effect 
B) ​Confirmation bias 
C) ​Near transfer 
D) ​Representativeness heuristic 
A) The framing effect 
B) ​Confirmation bias 
C) ​Near transfer 
D) ​Representativeness heuristic

Question 4

​What do we call the underlying logic of the language,as opposed to the actual words of a sentence?

Accepted Answer

A) Deep structure 
B) ​Surface structure 
C) ​Morphemes 
D) ​Phonemes 
A) Deep structure 
B) ​Surface structure 
C) ​Morphemes 
D) ​Phonemes

Question 5

​Why is the sentence,"He hit a man with a bagel" ambiguous?

Accepted Answer

A) It has more than one surface structure. 
B) ​It has more than one deep structure. 
C) ​It has no surface structure. 
D) ​It has no deep structure. 
A) It has more than one surface structure. 
B) ​It has more than one deep structure. 
C) ​It has no surface structure. 
D) ​It has no deep structure.

Question 6

The sunk cost effect is the decision to do what?​

Accepted Answer

A) To do something unpleasant just because you already paid for it 
B) To make a risky decision to try to gain something​ 
C) To make a risky decision to try to avoid losing something 
D) To buy the more expensive item because you assume it is of higher quality​ 
A) To do something unpleasant just because you already paid for it 
B) To make a risky decision to try to gain something​ 
C) To make a risky decision to try to avoid losing something 
D) To buy the more expensive item because you assume it is of higher quality​

Question 7

​The "confirmation bias" is the tendency to do what?

Accepted Answer

A) Express too much confidence in your answers on difficult questions. 
B) Do something you won't enjoy, just because you already paid for it. 
C) Look for evidence to support your current belief 
D) ​Answer a question differently, depending on how someone phrases it. 
A) Express too much confidence in your answers on difficult questions. 
B) Do something you won't enjoy, just because you already paid for it. 
C) Look for evidence to support your current belief 
D) ​Answer a question differently, depending on how someone phrases it.

Question 8

What do we call a voluntary eye movement from one point to another?​

Accepted Answer

A) Fixation 
B) ​Saccade 
C) ​Morpheme 
D) ​Phoneme 
A) Fixation 
B) ​Saccade 
C) ​Morpheme 
D) ​Phoneme

Question 9

If you consider every possible choice before making a decision,what are you doing?​

Accepted Answer

A) Satisficing 
B) ​Maximizing 
C) ​Consolidating 
D) ​Using a heuristic 
A) Satisficing 
B) ​Maximizing 
C) ​Consolidating 
D) ​Using a heuristic

Question 10

Movie directors discovered that most viewers do not notice if the background actors change their clothing between one shot and the next.What term describes this phenomenon?​

Accepted Answer

A) Stroop effect 
B) ​Availability heuristic 
C) ​Attentional blink 
D) ​Change blindness 
A) Stroop effect 
B) ​Availability heuristic 
C) ​Attentional blink 
D) ​Change blindness

Question 11

If you assume that a tall man you met is a professional basketball player (even though pro basketball players are rare),what are you relying on?​

Accepted Answer

A) Preoperational thinking 
B) ​A maximizing strategy 
C) ​The representativeness heuristic 
D) ​An algorithm 
A) Preoperational thinking 
B) ​A maximizing strategy 
C) ​The representativeness heuristic 
D) ​An algorithm

Question 12

Although a particular medicine is no more effective than a placebo, a physician remembers cases when patients improved, and therefore considers the medicine effective.What tendency is occurring here?

Accepted Answer

A) Functional fixedness 
B) Maximizing strategy 
C) ​Confirmation bias 
D) The framing effect​ 
A) Functional fixedness 
B) Maximizing strategy 
C) ​Confirmation bias 
D) The framing effect​

Question 13

What is theoretically important about Williams syndrome?​

Accepted Answer

A) It demonstrates that good memory is not necessary for long attention span. 
B) ​It demonstrates that high intelligence is not necessary for good language. 
C) ​It demonstrates that social relationships are not necessary for good emotion control. 
D) ​It demonstrates that good vision is not necessary for artistic talent. 
A) It demonstrates that good memory is not necessary for long attention span. 
B) ​It demonstrates that high intelligence is not necessary for good language. 
C) ​It demonstrates that social relationships are not necessary for good emotion control. 
D) ​It demonstrates that good vision is not necessary for artistic talent.

Question 14

The "word superiority effect" is the observation that which of the following tends to be true?​

Accepted Answer

A) People remember something better if they can put it into words. 
B) ​People can identify a letter faster if it is part of a word than if it is by itself. 
C) ​People can remember a series of words better if they all start with the same letter. 
D) ​People can remember a word better if they think about its meaning in their own lives. 
A) People remember something better if they can put it into words. 
B) ​People can identify a letter faster if it is part of a word than if it is by itself. 
C) ​People can remember a series of words better if they all start with the same letter. 
D) ​People can remember a word better if they think about its meaning in their own lives.

Question 15

How much language is typical for a 1½-year-old?​

Accepted Answer

A) The toddler is still just babbling, with little indication of understanding speech. 
B) ​The toddler is beginning to understand speech, but still does not talk. 
C) ​The toddler uses about 50 words, but does not link them into combinations. 
D) ​The toddler speaks in phrases and short sentences. 
A) The toddler is still just babbling, with little indication of understanding speech. 
B) ​The toddler is beginning to understand speech, but still does not talk. 
C) ​The toddler uses about 50 words, but does not link them into combinations. 
D) ​The toddler speaks in phrases and short sentences.

Question 16

How could you determine which of two people is an expert chess player,and which one just average?​

Accepted Answer

A) Test which one can set up the pieces faster for the start of a game. 
B) ​Test which one is better at memorizing positions of chess pieces arranged randomly. 
C) ​Test which one is better at memorizing positions of chess pieces from a real game. 
D) ​Test which one can draw a chessboard (without pieces) more quickly. 
A) Test which one can set up the pieces faster for the start of a game. 
B) ​Test which one is better at memorizing positions of chess pieces arranged randomly. 
C) ​Test which one is better at memorizing positions of chess pieces from a real game. 
D) ​Test which one can draw a chessboard (without pieces) more quickly.

Question 17

Why did Hungarian author Laszlo Polgar devote so much effort to teaching his daughters chess?​

Accepted Answer

A) He wanted to show that women have better strategic skills than men. 
B) ​He wanted to demonstrate the importance of genetic predispositions in expertise. 
C) ​He wanted to show that enough effort can make almost anyone an expert. 
D) ​He wanted to perfect his methods of instruction. 
A) He wanted to show that women have better strategic skills than men. 
B) ​He wanted to demonstrate the importance of genetic predispositions in expertise. 
C) ​He wanted to show that enough effort can make almost anyone an expert. 
D) ​He wanted to perfect his methods of instruction.

Question 18

How much language is typical for a two-year-old?​

Accepted Answer

A) A vocabulary of about 50 words, but no two-word combinations 
B) ​Creative use of two- and three-word phrases 
C) ​Full sentences with still a few odd expressions 
D) ​Speech similar to that of adults, except with a more limited vocabulary 
A) A vocabulary of about 50 words, but no two-word combinations 
B) ​Creative use of two- and three-word phrases 
C) ​Full sentences with still a few odd expressions 
D) ​Speech similar to that of adults, except with a more limited vocabulary

Question 19

What is the role of backward eye movements during reading?

Accepted Answer

A) Backward eye movements impair understanding. 
B) ​Backward eye movements do not affect understanding, but they slow down reading. 
C) ​Backward eye movements are sometimes necessary for understanding. 
D) ​Backward eye movements indicate that a reader's attention has wandered. 
A) Backward eye movements impair understanding. 
B) ​Backward eye movements do not affect understanding, but they slow down reading. 
C) ​Backward eye movements are sometimes necessary for understanding. 
D) ​Backward eye movements indicate that a reader's attention has wandered.

Question 20

You view a screen that displays one or more letters,and you are asked to report part or all of what you saw.In which of the following cases will you most easily give the correct answer?​

Accepted Answer

A) You see one letter, such as B or K, and you are to report it. 
B) ​You see a word, such as BIND or KIND, and you are to report the first letter. 
C) ​You see a nonsense string, such as BXRV or KXRV, and you are to report the first letter. 
D) ​You see two letters, such as BL or KL, and you are to report both letters. 
A) You see one letter, such as B or K, and you are to report it. 
B) ​You see a word, such as BIND or KIND, and you are to report the first letter. 
C) ​You see a nonsense string, such as BXRV or KXRV, and you are to report the first letter. 
D) ​You see two letters, such as BL or KL, and you are to report both letters.

Exam 8: Cognition and Language

​Because you can easily think of examples when someone got injured at school,you conclude that schools are dangerous places.That reasoning is an example of what?

People heard a cough or a tone replace the first "s" in the word legislatures.What conclusion did the result support?​

After you start to believe that someone is dangerous, you examine everything the person says or does for additional evidence of danger.In doing so, what are you demonstrating?

​What do we call the underlying logic of the language,as opposed to the actual words of a sentence?

​Why is the sentence,"He hit a man with a bagel" ambiguous?

The sunk cost effect is the decision to do what?​

​The "confirmation bias" is the tendency to do what?

What do we call a voluntary eye movement from one point to another?​

If you consider every possible choice before making a decision,what are you doing?​

Movie directors discovered that most viewers do not notice if the background actors change their clothing between one shot and the next.What term describes this phenomenon?​

If you assume that a tall man you met is a professional basketball player (even though pro basketball players are rare),what are you relying on?​

Although a particular medicine is no more effective than a placebo, a physician remembers cases when patients improved, and therefore considers the medicine effective.What tendency is occurring here?

What is theoretically important about Williams syndrome?​

The "word superiority effect" is the observation that which of the following tends to be true?​

How much language is typical for a 1½-year-old?​

How could you determine which of two people is an expert chess player,and which one just average?​

Why did Hungarian author Laszlo Polgar devote so much effort to teaching his daughters chess?​

How much language is typical for a two-year-old?​

What is the role of backward eye movements during reading?

You view a screen that displays one or more letters,and you are asked to report part or all of what you saw.In which of the following cases will you most easily give the correct answer?​

What Is Psychology

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Biological Psychology

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Sensation and Perception

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Development

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Learning

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Memory

A: Memory

A: Cognition and Language

Intelligenceintelligence

A: Intelligence Intelligence

Consciousnessconsciousness

A: Consciousnessconsciousness

Motivated Behaviorsmotivated Behaviors

A: Motivated Behaviorsmotivated Behaviors

Part 1 Emotions,stress,and Healthemotions,stress,and Health

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Social Psychologysocial Psychology

A: Social Psychologysocial Psychology

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Filters

Because you can easily think of examples when someone got injured at school,you conclude that schools are dangerous places.That reasoning is an example of what?

People heard a cough or a tone replace the first "s" in the word legislatures.What conclusion did the result support?

What do we call the underlying logic of the language,as opposed to the actual words of a sentence?

Why is the sentence,"He hit a man with a bagel" ambiguous?

The sunk cost effect is the decision to do what?

The "confirmation bias" is the tendency to do what?

What do we call a voluntary eye movement from one point to another?

If you consider every possible choice before making a decision,what are you doing?

Movie directors discovered that most viewers do not notice if the background actors change their clothing between one shot and the next.What term describes this phenomenon?

If you assume that a tall man you met is a professional basketball player (even though pro basketball players are rare),what are you relying on?

What is theoretically important about Williams syndrome?

The "word superiority effect" is the observation that which of the following tends to be true?

How much language is typical for a 1½-year-old?

How could you determine which of two people is an expert chess player,and which one just average?

Why did Hungarian author Laszlo Polgar devote so much effort to teaching his daughters chess?

How much language is typical for a two-year-old?

You view a screen that displays one or more letters,and you are asked to report part or all of what you saw.In which of the following cases will you most easily give the correct answer?