Question 1

What is the usual disadvantage when people use a maximizing strategy?

Accepted Answer

A) Poor decisions based on inadequate information 
B) ​Inability to explain to anyone else the reasons behind a decision 
C) ​Lingering doubts about whether they made the right decision 
D) ​Financial debts from consistently choosing expensive products 
A) Poor decisions based on inadequate information 
B) ​Inability to explain to anyone else the reasons behind a decision 
C) ​Lingering doubts about whether they made the right decision 
D) ​Financial debts from consistently choosing expensive products

Question 2

A psychologist asks which of these faces looks more attractive,and then asks why this face is more attractive,while showing the face the person had not chosen.What usually happens?​

Accepted Answer

A) The person notices the switch and reports choosing the other face. 
B) ​The person accepts the switch but cannot think of a reason for choosing this face. 
C) ​The person accepts the switch and offers only a vague explanation for choosing this face. 
D) ​The person accepts the switch and offers a specific explanation for choosing this face. 
A) The person notices the switch and reports choosing the other face. 
B) ​The person accepts the switch but cannot think of a reason for choosing this face. 
C) ​The person accepts the switch and offers only a vague explanation for choosing this face. 
D) ​The person accepts the switch and offers a specific explanation for choosing this face.

Question 3

​Which of the following is an example of the framing effect?

Accepted Answer

A) People assume that an old person will walk slower than a young person. 
B) ​People take more risk to prevent a loss than to gain something. 
C) ​People overlook the possibility of using a matchbox to hold a candle. 
D) ​People put too much confidence in their first impulse on how to answer a question. 
A) People assume that an old person will walk slower than a young person. 
B) ​People take more risk to prevent a loss than to gain something. 
C) ​People overlook the possibility of using a matchbox to hold a candle. 
D) ​People put too much confidence in their first impulse on how to answer a question.

Question 4

When you hear,"While Anna dressed the baby played in the crib," you might think that Anna dressed the baby.If so,which of the following guided your response?​

Accepted Answer

A) System 1 thinking 
B) ​System 2 thinking 
C) ​The availability heuristic 
D) ​The representativeness heuristic 
A) System 1 thinking 
B) ​System 2 thinking 
C) ​The availability heuristic 
D) ​The representativeness heuristic

Question 5

You continue playing a boring video game because it was expensive and you don't want to waste the money.This action is an example of what?​

Accepted Answer

A) Framing effect 
B) Functional fixedness​ 
C) Sunk cost effect 
D) Availability heuristic​ 
A) Framing effect 
B) Functional fixedness​ 
C) Sunk cost effect 
D) Availability heuristic​

Question 6

You see three blurry letters.The first letter could be either P or R; the second could be either E or F; the third could be either B or D.Yet you see the letters RED.What conclusion follows?​

Accepted Answer

A) We read words only during saccadic eye movements, not during fixations. 
B) ​We read words only during fixations, not during saccadic eye movements. 
C) ​We identify a word as a whole, not one letter at a time. 
D) ​We identify words by a combination of attentive and preattentive processes. 
A) We read words only during saccadic eye movements, not during fixations. 
B) ​We read words only during fixations, not during saccadic eye movements. 
C) ​We identify a word as a whole, not one letter at a time. 
D) ​We identify words by a combination of attentive and preattentive processes.

Question 7

What is a heuristic?​

Accepted Answer

A) A strategy for simplifying a problem 
B) ​A mathematical formula for calculating an answer 
C) ​An answer that someone chooses by conforming to a group 
D) ​A mental impairment that causes difficulty in choosing an answer 
A) A strategy for simplifying a problem 
B) ​A mathematical formula for calculating an answer 
C) ​An answer that someone chooses by conforming to a group 
D) ​A mental impairment that causes difficulty in choosing an answer

Question 8

​If you wanted to demonstrate the word-superiority effect,which group should you NOT use?

Accepted Answer

A) Philosophy professors 
B) ​Preschool children 
C) ​Trained musicians 
D) ​College students 
A) Philosophy professors 
B) ​Preschool children 
C) ​Trained musicians 
D) ​College students

Question 9

In which of these cases have researchers found good evidence of "far transfer"?​

Accepted Answer

A) Old people who practice crosswords and Sudoku improve memory for daily life. 
B) ​Computer games that require attention improve academic performance for some children. 
C) ​Students who learn to use a formula in physics apply it immediately in algebra. 
D) ​Learning calculus leads to brain growth and increased intelligence. 
A) Old people who practice crosswords and Sudoku improve memory for daily life. 
B) ​Computer games that require attention improve academic performance for some children. 
C) ​Students who learn to use a formula in physics apply it immediately in algebra. 
D) ​Learning calculus leads to brain growth and increased intelligence.

Question 10

Why do many students conclude that they should never change answers on a multiple-choice test?​

Accepted Answer

A) The first impulse really is right, most of the time. 
B) ​They easily remember times when they changed a right answer to a wrong one. 
C) ​They are overlooking base-rate information. 
D) ​They are following a maximizing strategy instead of a satisficing strategy. 
A) The first impulse really is right, most of the time. 
B) ​They easily remember times when they changed a right answer to a wrong one. 
C) ​They are overlooking base-rate information. 
D) ​They are following a maximizing strategy instead of a satisficing strategy.

Question 11

What does the "word-superiority effect" mean?​

Accepted Answer

A) People read faster if they focus on one word at a time. 
B) ​Putting something into words makes it easier to remember. 
C) ​It is easier to identify a letter within a word than by itself. 
D) ​The whole-word method is the best way to teach children to read. 
A) People read faster if they focus on one word at a time. 
B) ​Putting something into words makes it easier to remember. 
C) ​It is easier to identify a letter within a word than by itself. 
D) ​The whole-word method is the best way to teach children to read.

Question 12

If you want to design the control panel of a car so that a driver immediately notices a danger indicator,you want the driver to find the signal by what kind of process?​

Accepted Answer

A) An attentive process 
B) ​A preattentive process 
C) ​A top-down process 
D) ​A random process 
A) An attentive process 
B) ​A preattentive process 
C) ​A top-down process 
D) ​A random process

Question 13

As you scan a group of strangers looking for anyone you know,what guides your attention?​

Accepted Answer

A) The availability heuristic 
B) ​The representativeness heuristic 
C) ​A top-down process 
D) ​A bottom-up process 
A) The availability heuristic 
B) ​The representativeness heuristic 
C) ​A top-down process 
D) ​A bottom-up process

Question 14

​What causes you so quickly to notice one red tree within a forest of green trees?

Accepted Answer

A) The availability heuristic​ 
B) ​The representativeness heuristic 
C) ​A top-down process 
D) ​A bottom-up process 
A) The availability heuristic​ 
B) ​The representativeness heuristic 
C) ​A top-down process 
D) ​A bottom-up process

Question 15

The availability heuristic is based on which assumption?​

Accepted Answer

A) If most people believe something, then it is probably true. 
B) ​If you can easily think of examples of an event, it must be a common event. 
C) ​If one brand of a product is the most expensive, it is probably of high quality. 
D) ​If a man is much taller than average, he probably plays basketball. 
A) If most people believe something, then it is probably true. 
B) ​If you can easily think of examples of an event, it must be a common event. 
C) ​If one brand of a product is the most expensive, it is probably of high quality. 
D) ​If a man is much taller than average, he probably plays basketball.

Question 16

"A boy was chased by a tall girl" and "A girl who chased a boy was tall" differ in what way,if any?​

Accepted Answer

A) They differ in their deep structure. 
B) ​They differ in their surface structure. 
C) ​They differ in both their deep structure and their surface structure. 
D) ​They differ in neither their deep structure nor their surface structure. 
A) They differ in their deep structure. 
B) ​They differ in their surface structure. 
C) ​They differ in both their deep structure and their surface structure. 
D) ​They differ in neither their deep structure nor their surface structure.

Question 17

In one study experts made predictions of U.S.and world politics over the next several years.Which type of expert made the LEAST accurate predictions?​

Accepted Answer

A) Those who expressed the least confidence in their predictions 
B) ​Those who expressed the greatest confidence in their predictions 
C) ​Those who were the slowest to make their predictions 
D) ​Those who tried to consider both sides of each question 
A) Those who expressed the least confidence in their predictions 
B) ​Those who expressed the greatest confidence in their predictions 
C) ​Those who were the slowest to make their predictions 
D) ​Those who tried to consider both sides of each question

Question 18

​The representativeness heuristic assumes that which of these is true?

Accepted Answer

A) Something that resembles members of a category is also a member of the category. 
B) ​The most expensive member of a category is probably the one of highest quality. 
C) ​An unfamiliar item probably belongs to a common category, not a less common one. 
D) ​If you can easily think of examples of an event, it must be a common event. 
A) Something that resembles members of a category is also a member of the category. 
B) ​The most expensive member of a category is probably the one of highest quality. 
C) ​An unfamiliar item probably belongs to a common category, not a less common one. 
D) ​If you can easily think of examples of an event, it must be a common event.

Question 19

​In which condition do people show impairments of language production,as well as impaired use and understanding of prepositions,conjunctions,and word endings?

Accepted Answer

A) Broca's aphasia 
B) ​Wernicke's aphasia 
C) ​Williams syndrome 
D) ​Korsakoff's syndrome 
A) Broca's aphasia 
B) ​Wernicke's aphasia 
C) ​Williams syndrome 
D) ​Korsakoff's syndrome

Question 20

What percentage of reading occurs during fixations,and what percentage during saccades?​

Accepted Answer

A) 100 percent occurs during fixations and 0 percent during saccades. 
B) ​75 percent occurs during fixations and 25 percent during saccades. 
C) ​50 percent occurs during fixations and 50 percent during saccades. 
D) ​0 percent occurs during fixations and 100 percent during saccades. 
A) 100 percent occurs during fixations and 0 percent during saccades. 
B) ​75 percent occurs during fixations and 25 percent during saccades. 
C) ​50 percent occurs during fixations and 50 percent during saccades. 
D) ​0 percent occurs during fixations and 100 percent during saccades.

Exam 8: Cognition and Language

What is the usual disadvantage when people use a maximizing strategy?

A psychologist asks which of these faces looks more attractive,and then asks why this face is more attractive,while showing the face the person had not chosen.What usually happens?​

​Which of the following is an example of the framing effect?

When you hear,"While Anna dressed the baby played in the crib," you might think that Anna dressed the baby.If so,which of the following guided your response?​

You continue playing a boring video game because it was expensive and you don't want to waste the money.This action is an example of what?​

You see three blurry letters.The first letter could be either P or R; the second could be either E or F; the third could be either B or D.Yet you see the letters RED.What conclusion follows?​

What is a heuristic?​

​If you wanted to demonstrate the word-superiority effect,which group should you NOT use?

In which of these cases have researchers found good evidence of "far transfer"?​

Why do many students conclude that they should never change answers on a multiple-choice test?​

What does the "word-superiority effect" mean?​

If you want to design the control panel of a car so that a driver immediately notices a danger indicator,you want the driver to find the signal by what kind of process?​

As you scan a group of strangers looking for anyone you know,what guides your attention?​

​What causes you so quickly to notice one red tree within a forest of green trees?

The availability heuristic is based on which assumption?​

"A boy was chased by a tall girl" and "A girl who chased a boy was tall" differ in what way,if any?​

In one study experts made predictions of U.S.and world politics over the next several years.Which type of expert made the LEAST accurate predictions?​

​The representativeness heuristic assumes that which of these is true?

​In which condition do people show impairments of language production,as well as impaired use and understanding of prepositions,conjunctions,and word endings?

What percentage of reading occurs during fixations,and what percentage during saccades?​

What Is Psychology

Scientific Methods in Psychology

A: Scientific Methods in Psychology

Biological Psychology

A: Biological Psychology

Sensation and Perception

A: Sensation and Perception

Development

A: Development

Learning

A: Learning

Memory

A: Memory

A: Cognition and Language

Intelligenceintelligence

A: Intelligence Intelligence

Consciousnessconsciousness

A: Consciousnessconsciousness

Motivated Behaviorsmotivated Behaviors

A: Motivated Behaviorsmotivated Behaviors

Part 1 Emotions,stress,and Healthemotions,stress,and Health

A: Emotional,stress,and Healthemotional,stress,and Health

Social Psychologysocial Psychology

A: Social Psychologysocial Psychology

Personalitypersonality

A: Personalitypersonality

Part 1 Abnormal Psychology: Disorders and Treatmentabnormal Psychology: Disorders and Treatment

A: Abnormal Psychology: Disorders and Treatmentabnormal Psychology: Disorders and Treatment

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A psychologist asks which of these faces looks more attractive,and then asks why this face is more attractive,while showing the face the person had not chosen.What usually happens?

Which of the following is an example of the framing effect?

When you hear,"While Anna dressed the baby played in the crib," you might think that Anna dressed the baby.If so,which of the following guided your response?

You continue playing a boring video game because it was expensive and you don't want to waste the money.This action is an example of what?

You see three blurry letters.The first letter could be either P or R; the second could be either E or F; the third could be either B or D.Yet you see the letters RED.What conclusion follows?

What is a heuristic?

If you wanted to demonstrate the word-superiority effect,which group should you NOT use?

In which of these cases have researchers found good evidence of "far transfer"?

Why do many students conclude that they should never change answers on a multiple-choice test?

What does the "word-superiority effect" mean?

If you want to design the control panel of a car so that a driver immediately notices a danger indicator,you want the driver to find the signal by what kind of process?

As you scan a group of strangers looking for anyone you know,what guides your attention?

What causes you so quickly to notice one red tree within a forest of green trees?

The availability heuristic is based on which assumption?

"A boy was chased by a tall girl" and "A girl who chased a boy was tall" differ in what way,if any?

In one study experts made predictions of U.S.and world politics over the next several years.Which type of expert made the LEAST accurate predictions?

The representativeness heuristic assumes that which of these is true?

In which condition do people show impairments of language production,as well as impaired use and understanding of prepositions,conjunctions,and word endings?

What percentage of reading occurs during fixations,and what percentage during saccades?