Question 1

Recently developed models of mania include _______ and the creation of mutant mice targeting genes involved in _______.

Accepted Answer

A)  sleep deprivation; serotonin synthesis 
B)  maternal separation; lithium resistance 
C)  sleep deprivation; the circadian clock 
D)  chronic mild stress; lithium sensitivity 
A)  sleep deprivation; serotonin synthesis 
B)  maternal separation; lithium resistance 
C)  sleep deprivation; the circadian clock 
D)  chronic mild stress; lithium sensitivity C

Question 2

Which statement about bipolar disorder is false?

Accepted Answer

A)  It involves cycles of depression and mania that persist throughout the life span. 
B)  It can provide times of creativity and productivity if the energy during the manic periods is channeled appropriately. 
C)  It occurs in about 10% of the population. 
D)  It affects men and women between the ages of 20 and 30 equally. 
A)  It involves cycles of depression and mania that persist throughout the life span. 
B)  It can provide times of creativity and productivity if the energy during the manic periods is channeled appropriately. 
C)  It occurs in about 10% of the population. 
D)  It affects men and women between the ages of 20 and 30 equally. C

Question 3

Which statement about risk factors for mood disorders is false?

Accepted Answer

A)  Psychiatric disorders develop in response to the interaction of genes and environmental events. 
B)  For affective disorders, environmental triggers alone are enough to cause serious mood changes. 
C)  The genetic factors involved in mood disorders indicate that the individual will be more susceptible to the disorder, not that they will definitely develop it. 
D)  Environmental stress is a likely risk factor for mood disorders. 
A)  Psychiatric disorders develop in response to the interaction of genes and environmental events. 
B)  For affective disorders, environmental triggers alone are enough to cause serious mood changes. 
C)  The genetic factors involved in mood disorders indicate that the individual will be more susceptible to the disorder, not that they will definitely develop it. 
D)  Environmental stress is a likely risk factor for mood disorders. B

Question 4

Which research finding does not confirm a role for serotonin dysfunction in mood disorders?

Accepted Answer

A)  Decreased numbers of postsynaptic 5-HT2 receptors are found in depressed patients. 
B)  Low 5-HIAA turnover is found in depressed individuals. 
C)  Rapid tryptophan depletion in treated depressed patients causes a relapse in symptoms. 
D)  Challenge studies indicate that the 5-HT receptors in depressed individuals are less sensitive. 
A)  Decreased numbers of postsynaptic 5-HT2 receptors are found in depressed patients. 
B)  Low 5-HIAA turnover is found in depressed individuals. 
C)  Rapid tryptophan depletion in treated depressed patients causes a relapse in symptoms. 
D)  Challenge studies indicate that the 5-HT receptors in depressed individuals are less sensitive.

Question 5

All of the following are alternatives to lithium as treatments for bipolar disorder except

Accepted Answer

A)  Tegretol. 
B)  Gabitril. 
C)  Depakote. 
D)  l-DOPA. 
A)  Tegretol. 
B)  Gabitril. 
C)  Depakote. 
D)  l-DOPA.

Question 6

Which statement about lithium is false?

Accepted Answer

A)  It reduces manic symptoms in about 60-80% of cases. 
B)  It is taken for the maintenance period of 6-8 months and should then be safely withdrawn. 
C)  It is often administered with an antidepressant drug. 
D)  It dramatically increases the time between recurring episodes of mania and depression. 
A)  It reduces manic symptoms in about 60-80% of cases. 
B)  It is taken for the maintenance period of 6-8 months and should then be safely withdrawn. 
C)  It is often administered with an antidepressant drug. 
D)  It dramatically increases the time between recurring episodes of mania and depression.

Question 7

Which MHPG about MAO inhibitors is false?

Accepted Answer

A)  The first MAOI, iproniazid, was discovered by accident while investigating treatments for tuberculosis. 
B)  They can be used safely with proper dietary restrictions. 
C)  They block the metabolism of norepinephrine, dopamine, and serotonin. 
D)  These drugs have little use in the treatment of depression given the availability of safer drugs, and no use in the treatment of other disorders. 
A)  The first MAOI, iproniazid, was discovered by accident while investigating treatments for tuberculosis. 
B)  They can be used safely with proper dietary restrictions. 
C)  They block the metabolism of norepinephrine, dopamine, and serotonin. 
D)  These drugs have little use in the treatment of depression given the availability of safer drugs, and no use in the treatment of other disorders.

Question 8

Which event does not occur during stress activation of the hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal (HPA) axis?

Accepted Answer

A)  NE and ACh regulate the release of corticotrophin-releasing factor (CRF) from the hypothalamus. 
B)  ACTH causes the release of cortisol from the adrenal gland. 
C)  Cortisol feeds back to shut down HPA activation. 
D)  Glucocorticoids feedback to stimulate the hippocampus. 
A)  NE and ACh regulate the release of corticotrophin-releasing factor (CRF) from the hypothalamus. 
B)  ACTH causes the release of cortisol from the adrenal gland. 
C)  Cortisol feeds back to shut down HPA activation. 
D)  Glucocorticoids feedback to stimulate the hippocampus.

Question 9

All of the following are foods that should be avoided by people taking MAOIs except

Accepted Answer

A)  aged cheese. 
B)  eggs. 
C)  wine. 
D)  yeasty breads. 
A)  aged cheese. 
B)  eggs. 
C)  wine. 
D)  yeasty breads.

Question 10

Which statement regarding intravenous ketamine as a treatment for depression is false?

Accepted Answer

A)  The dose required to reduce depression symptoms is much higher than that needed for anesthesia. 
B)  It reduces symptoms in 65-70% of patients who are resistant to other treatments. 
C)  Its effects typically last 1-3 weeks. 
D)  In addition to blocking NMDA type glutamate receptors, it enhances AMPA receptor response to glutamate. 
A)  The dose required to reduce depression symptoms is much higher than that needed for anesthesia. 
B)  It reduces symptoms in 65-70% of patients who are resistant to other treatments. 
C)  Its effects typically last 1-3 weeks. 
D)  In addition to blocking NMDA type glutamate receptors, it enhances AMPA receptor response to glutamate.

Question 11

What effect of MAOIs at the synapse is correlated with their therapeutic effectiveness?

Accepted Answer

A)  The enzyme MAO is inhibited, elevating the amount of transmitters available for release. 
B)  The normal amount of transmitter in the presynaptic terminal is properly regulated by the drug, which acts as an enzyme. 
C)  The synapse adapts by increasing receptors for the amine transmitters. 
D)  Postsynaptic changes occur in second-messenger systems, up-regulating cAMP. 
A)  The enzyme MAO is inhibited, elevating the amount of transmitters available for release. 
B)  The normal amount of transmitter in the presynaptic terminal is properly regulated by the drug, which acts as an enzyme. 
C)  The synapse adapts by increasing receptors for the amine transmitters. 
D)  Postsynaptic changes occur in second-messenger systems, up-regulating cAMP.

Question 12

Which statement about tricyclic antidepressants is false?

Accepted Answer

A)  They enhance the function of the presynaptic transporter protein for serotonin and/or norepinephrine. 
B)  They cause long-term adaptive changes at the synapse that are related to their therapeutic effects. 
C)  They affect acetylcholine, histamine, and $\alpha$-adrenergic receptors. 
D)  They include the prototype imipramine, which resembles drugs in the phenothiazine class of antipsychotics. 
A)  They enhance the function of the presynaptic transporter protein for serotonin and/or norepinephrine. 
B)  They cause long-term adaptive changes at the synapse that are related to their therapeutic effects. 
C)  They affect acetylcholine, histamine, and $\alpha$-adrenergic receptors. 
D)  They include the prototype imipramine, which resembles drugs in the phenothiazine class of antipsychotics.

Question 13

Reactive depression

Accepted Answer

A)  typically results in anhedonia and feelings of worthlessness. 
B)  leads to such loneliness that the person considers suicide as the only option. 
C)  is one of the more serious affective disorders. 
D)  often occurs following loss, failure, or disappointment. 
A)  typically results in anhedonia and feelings of worthlessness. 
B)  leads to such loneliness that the person considers suicide as the only option. 
C)  is one of the more serious affective disorders. 
D)  often occurs following loss, failure, or disappointment.

Question 14

Which of the following is not a symptom of mania?

Accepted Answer

A)  Decrease in goal-directed activity 
B)  Flight of ideas 
C)  Distractability 
D)  Elation 
A)  Decrease in goal-directed activity 
B)  Flight of ideas 
C)  Distractability 
D)  Elation

Question 15

Which of the following is not a sleep abnormality experienced by depressed individuals?

Accepted Answer

A)  Significant decrease in stages 3 and 4 slow-wave sleep 
B)  Earlier onset of REM sleep 
C)  Increased REM in the first third of the night 
D)  Rapid sleep onset 
A)  Significant decrease in stages 3 and 4 slow-wave sleep 
B)  Earlier onset of REM sleep 
C)  Increased REM in the first third of the night 
D)  Rapid sleep onset

Question 16

Animal studies of the acute and chronic effects of antidepressants on serotonin have shown all of the following except

Accepted Answer

A)  the autoreceptors are activated acutely, causing a decrease in synthesis and release of 5-HT. 
B)  the reuptake transporters remain blocked for the duration of the drug's action. 
C)  tolerance to the drug occurs at the autoreceptors chronically, resulting in increased 5-HT release. 
D)  setotonin occupancy of serotonin autoreceptors activates cell firing following chronic antidepressant treatment 
A)  the autoreceptors are activated acutely, causing a decrease in synthesis and release of 5-HT. 
B)  the reuptake transporters remain blocked for the duration of the drug's action. 
C)  tolerance to the drug occurs at the autoreceptors chronically, resulting in increased 5-HT release. 
D)  setotonin occupancy of serotonin autoreceptors activates cell firing following chronic antidepressant treatment

Question 17

Researchers know that depressed individuals have an abnormal stress response involving the HPA axis because these individuals have all of the following except

Accepted Answer

A)  elevated levels of cortisol. 
B)  shrunken pituitary and adrenal glands. 
C)  higher CRF levels in cerebrospinal fluid (CSF). 
D)  more CRF cells evident in postmortem hypothalamic tissue. 
A)  elevated levels of cortisol. 
B)  shrunken pituitary and adrenal glands. 
C)  higher CRF levels in cerebrospinal fluid (CSF). 
D)  more CRF cells evident in postmortem hypothalamic tissue.

Question 18

Which of the following is not a side effect of lithium?

Accepted Answer

A)  Increased thirst and urination 
B)  Impaired concentration and memory 
C)  Anxiety 
D)  Weight gain 
A)  Increased thirst and urination 
B)  Impaired concentration and memory 
C)  Anxiety 
D)  Weight gain

Question 19

All of the following are characteristic of sleep abnormalities in depression except

Accepted Answer

A)  longer time for sleep onset. 
B)  earlier onset of REM sleep. 
C)  longer REM periods as sleep progresses. 
D)  frequent awakenings from sleep. 
A)  longer time for sleep onset. 
B)  earlier onset of REM sleep. 
C)  longer REM periods as sleep progresses. 
D)  frequent awakenings from sleep.

Question 20

Which of the following is/are not primarily used for treating major depression?

Accepted Answer

A)  Selective serotonin reuptake inhibitors (SSRIs) 
B)  Lithium therapy 
C)  Monoamine oxidase inhibitors (MAO-Is) 
D)  Atypical antidepressants 
A)  Selective serotonin reuptake inhibitors (SSRIs) 
B)  Lithium therapy 
C)  Monoamine oxidase inhibitors (MAO-Is) 
D)  Atypical antidepressants

Recently developed models of mania include _ and the creation of mutant mice targeting genes involved in _.

Which statement about bipolar disorder is false?

Which statement about risk factors for mood disorders is false?

Which research finding does not confirm a role for serotonin dysfunction in mood disorders?

All of the following are alternatives to lithium as treatments for bipolar disorder except

Which statement about lithium is false?

Which MHPG about MAO inhibitors is false?

Which event does not occur during stress activation of the hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal (HPA) axis?

All of the following are foods that should be avoided by people taking MAOIs except

Which statement regarding intravenous ketamine as a treatment for depression is false?

What effect of MAOIs at the synapse is correlated with their therapeutic effectiveness?

Which statement about tricyclic antidepressants is false?

Reactive depression

Which of the following is not a symptom of mania?

Which of the following is not a sleep abnormality experienced by depressed individuals?

Animal studies of the acute and chronic effects of antidepressants on serotonin have shown all of the following except

Researchers know that depressed individuals have an abnormal stress response involving the HPA axis because these individuals have all of the following except

Which of the following is not a side effect of lithium?

All of the following are characteristic of sleep abnormalities in depression except

Which of the following is/are not primarily used for treating major depression?

Principles of Pharmacology, Structure and Function of the Nervous System

Chemical Signaling by Neurotransmitters and Hormones

Methods of Research in Psychopharmacology

Catecholamines

Serotonin

Acetylcholine

Glutamate and GABA

Drug Abuse and Addiction

Alcohol

The Opioids

Psychomotor Stimulants:

Nicotine and Caffeine

Marijuana and the Cannabinoids

Hallucinogens, PCP, and Ketamine

Inhalants, GHB, and Anabolicandrogenic Steroids

Disorders of Anxiety and Impulsivity and the Drugs Used to Treat These Disorders

Schizophrenia: Antipsychotic Drugs

Neurodegenerative Disorders

Filters

Exam 17: Affective Disorders: Antidepressants and Mood Stabilizers

Recently developed models of mania include _______ and the creation of mutant mice targeting genes involved in _______.

Which statement about bipolar disorder is false?

Which statement about risk factors for mood disorders is false?

Which research finding does not confirm a role for serotonin dysfunction in mood disorders?

All of the following are alternatives to lithium as treatments for bipolar disorder except

Which statement about lithium is false?

Which MHPG about MAO inhibitors is false?

Which event does not occur during stress activation of the hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal (HPA) axis?

All of the following are foods that should be avoided by people taking MAOIs except

Which statement regarding intravenous ketamine as a treatment for depression is false?

What effect of MAOIs at the synapse is correlated with their therapeutic effectiveness?

Which statement about tricyclic antidepressants is false?

Reactive depression

Which of the following is not a symptom of mania?

Which of the following is not a sleep abnormality experienced by depressed individuals?

Animal studies of the acute and chronic effects of antidepressants on serotonin have shown all of the following except

Researchers know that depressed individuals have an abnormal stress response involving the HPA axis because these individuals have all of the following except

Which of the following is not a side effect of lithium?

All of the following are characteristic of sleep abnormalities in depression except

Which of the following is/are not primarily used for treating major depression?

Principles of Pharmacology, Structure and Function of the Nervous System

Chemical Signaling by Neurotransmitters and Hormones

Methods of Research in Psychopharmacology

Catecholamines

Serotonin

Acetylcholine

Glutamate and GABA

Drug Abuse and Addiction

Alcohol

The Opioids

Psychomotor Stimulants:

Nicotine and Caffeine

Marijuana and the Cannabinoids

Hallucinogens, PCP, and Ketamine

Inhalants, GHB, and Anabolicandrogenic Steroids

Disorders of Anxiety and Impulsivity and the Drugs Used to Treat These Disorders

Schizophrenia: Antipsychotic Drugs

Neurodegenerative Disorders

Filters

Recently developed models of mania include _ and the creation of mutant mice targeting genes involved in _.