Question 1

The main reason for giving albuterol via inhaler is that it reduces

Accepted Answer

A)  congestion in the nose. 
B)  cardiovascular side effects. 
C)  the cost of the prescription. 
D)  the time required for the drug to work. 
A)  congestion in the nose. 
B)  cardiovascular side effects. 
C)  the cost of the prescription. 
D)  the time required for the drug to work. D

Question 2

Recent research investigating the effects of epinephrine on learning suggest that _______ may improve cognitive function in aged individuals.

Accepted Answer

A)  decreasing NE levels 
B)  increasing glucose levels 
C)  decreasing vagus nerve activity 
D)  increasing stress levels 
A)  decreasing NE levels 
B)  increasing glucose levels 
C)  decreasing vagus nerve activity 
D)  increasing stress levels B

Question 3

Describe two possible mechanisms by which peripheral administration of epinephrine could facilitate memory.

Accepted Answer

Epinephrine could activate $\beta$-receptors on the vagus nerve, which could then signal the locus coeruleus to release NE. Epinephrine could activate $\beta$-receptors in the liver, causing an increase in blood glucose, which easily crosses the blood-brain barrier and becomes fuel for the brain.

Question 4

$\beta$-receptor antagonists help patients with generalized anxiety by

Accepted Answer

A)  reducing some of the physical symptoms associated with anxiety. 
B)  acting directly on brain regions involved in anxiety. 
C)  increasing sympathetic nervous system activity, which makes the person feel better able to cope with anxiety-producing situations. 
D)  causing sedation. 
A)  reducing some of the physical symptoms associated with anxiety. 
B)  acting directly on brain regions involved in anxiety. 
C)  increasing sympathetic nervous system activity, which makes the person feel better able to cope with anxiety-producing situations. 
D)  causing sedation.

Question 5

Which statement about norepinephrine is false?

Accepted Answer

A)  It acts in both the central nervous system and the autonomic nervous system. 
B)  It is thought to play a role in arousal. 
C)  NE terminals are found in widespread brain regions. 
D)  NE producing cell bodies are widespread in the brain. 
A)  It acts in both the central nervous system and the autonomic nervous system. 
B)  It is thought to play a role in arousal. 
C)  NE terminals are found in widespread brain regions. 
D)  NE producing cell bodies are widespread in the brain.

Question 6

The $\beta$2-receptor agonist albuterol is used to treat _______ because it _______.

Accepted Answer

A)  asthma; constricts blood vessels in the bronchial lining and reduces congestion 
B)  asthma; relaxes the bronchial muscles and creates a wider airway 
C)  colds; constricts blood vessels in the nose and reduces congestion 
D)  hypertension; decreases the rate of contraction of the heart 
A)  asthma; constricts blood vessels in the bronchial lining and reduces congestion 
B)  asthma; relaxes the bronchial muscles and creates a wider airway 
C)  colds; constricts blood vessels in the nose and reduces congestion 
D)  hypertension; decreases the rate of contraction of the heart

Question 7

Which of the following is not a catecholamine?

Accepted Answer

A)  Dopamine 
B)  Glutamine 
C)  Norepinephrine 
D)  Epinephrine 
A)  Dopamine 
B)  Glutamine 
C)  Norepinephrine 
D)  Epinephrine

Question 8

The two most important enzymes in the metabolism of monoamines are

Accepted Answer

A)  catechol-O-methyltransferase and tyrosine hydroxylase. 
B)  monoamine oxidase and homovanillic acid. 
C)  catechol-O-methyltransferase and monoamine oxidase. 
D)  monoamine oxidase and tyrosine hydroxylase. 
A)  catechol-O-methyltransferase and tyrosine hydroxylase. 
B)  monoamine oxidase and homovanillic acid. 
C)  catechol-O-methyltransferase and monoamine oxidase. 
D)  monoamine oxidase and tyrosine hydroxylase.

Question 9

Describe the relationship between $\alpha$2-adrenergic receptors and opiate withdrawal, including pharmacological evidence supporting this relationship.

Accepted Answer

Opioid withdrawal symptoms include incre

Question 10

Interpreting data from knockout mice can be complicated by the genetic strain of mouse used to create the mutation because

Accepted Answer

A)  some mouse strains do not breed well. 
B)  strains vary widely in their behavior before any knockouts occur. 
C)  some strains do not have the genes that the knockout is targeting. 
D)  strains vary widely in their genetic makeup to begin with. 
A)  some mouse strains do not breed well. 
B)  strains vary widely in their behavior before any knockouts occur. 
C)  some strains do not have the genes that the knockout is targeting. 
D)  strains vary widely in their genetic makeup to begin with.

Question 11

The major difference between D1 and D2 dopamine receptor subtypes is that one

Accepted Answer

A)  is ionotropic and the other is metabotropic. 
B)  inhibits and the other stimulates adenylyl cyclase and cAMP. 
C)  is found in the CNS and the other is found in the PNS. 
D)  is very rare and the other is very common. 
A)  is ionotropic and the other is metabotropic. 
B)  inhibits and the other stimulates adenylyl cyclase and cAMP. 
C)  is found in the CNS and the other is found in the PNS. 
D)  is very rare and the other is very common.

Question 12

Why can norepinephrine be considered a hormone?

Accepted Answer

A)  It is released from the locus coeruleus into the general circulation. 
B)  It is released from the hypothalamus into the general circulation. 
C)  It is released from the adrenal glands into the general circulation. 
D)  Actually, it cannot be considered a hormone, only a neurotransmitter. 
A)  It is released from the locus coeruleus into the general circulation. 
B)  It is released from the hypothalamus into the general circulation. 
C)  It is released from the adrenal glands into the general circulation. 
D)  Actually, it cannot be considered a hormone, only a neurotransmitter.

Question 13

Working memory can be enhanced by activation of _______ in the PFC, while activation of _______ in the PFC has detrimental effects on cognitive function.

Accepted Answer

A)  $\alpha$1-receptors; $\beta$1-receptors 
B)  $\alpha$2-receptors; $\alpha$1-receptors 
C)  $\beta$2-receptors; $\beta$1-receptors 
D)  $\alpha$2-receptors; $\beta$1-receptors 
A)  $\alpha$1-receptors; $\beta$1-receptors 
B)  $\alpha$2-receptors; $\alpha$1-receptors 
C)  $\beta$2-receptors; $\beta$1-receptors 
D)  $\alpha$2-receptors; $\beta$1-receptors

Question 14

High levels of MHPG, HVA, and VMA in the blood and urine can indicate

Accepted Answer

A)  increased transporter activation. 
B)  decreased catecholamine synthesis. 
C)  dysfunctional receptors. 
D)  increased catecholamine levels. 
A)  increased transporter activation. 
B)  decreased catecholamine synthesis. 
C)  dysfunctional receptors. 
D)  increased catecholamine levels.

Question 15

Dopamine transporter knockout mice are hyperactive relative to wild-type mice because

Accepted Answer

A)  they produce more dopamine than wild-type mice. 
B)  they have fewer receptors than wild-type mice. 
C)  their dopaminergic neurons cannot remove dopamine from the synaptic cleft. 
D)  they cannot synthesize dopamine. 
A)  they produce more dopamine than wild-type mice. 
B)  they have fewer receptors than wild-type mice. 
C)  their dopaminergic neurons cannot remove dopamine from the synaptic cleft. 
D)  they cannot synthesize dopamine.

Question 16

Compare and contrast the function of autoreceptors and transporters.

Accepted Answer

Autoreceptors are found on the cell bodi

The main reason for giving albuterol via inhaler is that it reduces

Recent research investigating the effects of epinephrine on learning suggest that _______ may improve cognitive function in aged individuals.

Describe two possible mechanisms by which peripheral administration of epinephrine could facilitate memory.

$\beta$ -receptor antagonists help patients with generalized anxiety by

Which statement about norepinephrine is false?

The $\beta$ ₂-receptor agonist albuterol is used to treat _ because it _.

Which of the following is not a catecholamine?

The two most important enzymes in the metabolism of monoamines are

Describe the relationship between $\alpha$ ₂-adrenergic receptors and opiate withdrawal, including pharmacological evidence supporting this relationship.

Interpreting data from knockout mice can be complicated by the genetic strain of mouse used to create the mutation because

The major difference between D₁ and D₂ dopamine receptor subtypes is that one

Why can norepinephrine be considered a hormone?

Working memory can be enhanced by activation of _ in the PFC, while activation of _ in the PFC has detrimental effects on cognitive function.

High levels of MHPG, HVA, and VMA in the blood and urine can indicate

Dopamine transporter knockout mice are hyperactive relative to wild-type mice because

Compare and contrast the function of autoreceptors and transporters.

Principles of Pharmacology, Structure and Function of the Nervous System

Chemical Signaling by Neurotransmitters and Hormones

Methods of Research in Psychopharmacology

Serotonin

Acetylcholine

Glutamate and GABA

Drug Abuse and Addiction

Alcohol

The Opioids

Psychomotor Stimulants:

Nicotine and Caffeine

Marijuana and the Cannabinoids

Hallucinogens, PCP, and Ketamine

Inhalants, GHB, and Anabolicandrogenic Steroids

Disorders of Anxiety and Impulsivity and the Drugs Used to Treat These Disorders

Affective Disorders: Antidepressants and Mood Stabilizers

Schizophrenia: Antipsychotic Drugs

Neurodegenerative Disorders

Filters

Exam 4: Catecholamines

The main reason for giving albuterol via inhaler is that it reduces

Recent research investigating the effects of epinephrine on learning suggest that _______ may improve cognitive function in aged individuals.

Describe two possible mechanisms by which peripheral administration of epinephrine could facilitate memory.

β\betaβ -receptor antagonists help patients with generalized anxiety by

Which statement about norepinephrine is false?

The β\betaβ 2-receptor agonist albuterol is used to treat _______ because it _______.

Which of the following is not a catecholamine?

The two most important enzymes in the metabolism of monoamines are

Describe the relationship between α\alphaα 2-adrenergic receptors and opiate withdrawal, including pharmacological evidence supporting this relationship.

Interpreting data from knockout mice can be complicated by the genetic strain of mouse used to create the mutation because

The major difference between D1 and D2 dopamine receptor subtypes is that one

Why can norepinephrine be considered a hormone?

Working memory can be enhanced by activation of _______ in the PFC, while activation of _______ in the PFC has detrimental effects on cognitive function.

High levels of MHPG, HVA, and VMA in the blood and urine can indicate

Dopamine transporter knockout mice are hyperactive relative to wild-type mice because

Compare and contrast the function of autoreceptors and transporters.

Principles of Pharmacology, Structure and Function of the Nervous System

Chemical Signaling by Neurotransmitters and Hormones

Methods of Research in Psychopharmacology

Serotonin

Acetylcholine

Glutamate and GABA

Drug Abuse and Addiction

Alcohol

The Opioids

Psychomotor Stimulants:

Nicotine and Caffeine

Marijuana and the Cannabinoids

Hallucinogens, PCP, and Ketamine

Inhalants, GHB, and Anabolicandrogenic Steroids

Disorders of Anxiety and Impulsivity and the Drugs Used to Treat These Disorders

Affective Disorders: Antidepressants and Mood Stabilizers

Schizophrenia: Antipsychotic Drugs

Neurodegenerative Disorders

Filters

$\beta$ -receptor antagonists help patients with generalized anxiety by

The $\beta$ ₂-receptor agonist albuterol is used to treat _ because it _.

Describe the relationship between $\alpha$ ₂-adrenergic receptors and opiate withdrawal, including pharmacological evidence supporting this relationship.

The major difference between D₁ and D₂ dopamine receptor subtypes is that one

Working memory can be enhanced by activation of _ in the PFC, while activation of _ in the PFC has detrimental effects on cognitive function.