Question 1

When doing a meta-analysis, you should:

Accepted Answer

A)  avoid having a specific question in mind. 
B)  avoid relying on archival research. 
C)  begin with a clearly testable research idea in mind. 
D)  choose articles only from refereed journals. 
A)  avoid having a specific question in mind. 
B)  avoid relying on archival research. 
C)  begin with a clearly testable research idea in mind. 
D)  choose articles only from refereed journals.

Question 2

In a meta-analysis, the file drawer phenomenon occurs because of:

Accepted Answer

A)  observers who have strong feelings or characteristics that bias the results. 
B)  the unavailability of techniques to extract information from video streams. 
C)  studies that are unable to achieve statistically reliable findings and fail to reach publication. 
D)  the huge amount of time and effort required to review and collect data from large databases. 
A)  observers who have strong feelings or characteristics that bias the results. 
B)  the unavailability of techniques to extract information from video streams. 
C)  studies that are unable to achieve statistically reliable findings and fail to reach publication. 
D)  the huge amount of time and effort required to review and collect data from large databases.

Question 3

Discuss the issues of interrater reliability and observer bias. Why is it important to consider each when doing observational research? What can be done to increase interrater reliability and reduce observer bias?

Accepted Answer

Interrater reliability refers to the con

Question 4

You would compare two studies in a meta-analysis if you wanted to find out:

Accepted Answer

A)  whether the studies produced significantly different results. 
B)  the average size of an effect reported. 
C)  whether the studies used similar methods. 
D)  whether the file drawer phenomenon exists. 
A)  whether the studies produced significantly different results. 
B)  the average size of an effect reported. 
C)  whether the studies used similar methods. 
D)  whether the file drawer phenomenon exists.

Question 5

In an observational study of the behavior of monkeys in a zoo, you count the number of times a particular behavior occurs within a given time interval. This is the _____ method of quantifying behavior.

Accepted Answer

A)  frequency 
B)  duration 
C)  behavioral 
D)  behavior counting 
A)  frequency 
B)  duration 
C)  behavioral 
D)  behavior counting

Question 6

The first step when planning an observational study is to develop behavioral categories.

Accepted Answer

A) True 
 B)False

Question 7

In a meta-analysis, the file drawer phenomenon:

Accepted Answer

A)  inflates the probability of making a Type I error. 
B)  deflates the probability of making a Type I error. 
C)  inflates the probability of making a Type II error. 
D)  has no effect on the probability of making a Type I error. 
A)  inflates the probability of making a Type I error. 
B)  deflates the probability of making a Type I error. 
C)  inflates the probability of making a Type II error. 
D)  has no effect on the probability of making a Type I error.

Question 8

Recording behavior on video for later review:

Accepted Answer

A)  eliminates the need for blind observers. 
B)  does not eliminate the need to classify and measure behavior. 
C)  reduces interrater reliability. 
D)  should be avoided because the camera interprets as well as records. 
A)  eliminates the need for blind observers. 
B)  does not eliminate the need to classify and measure behavior. 
C)  reduces interrater reliability. 
D)  should be avoided because the camera interprets as well as records.

Question 9

In ethnography, your role as a researcher is to:

Accepted Answer

A)  study animal subjects in their natural environment. 
B)  determine the network of interpersonal relations within a group. 
C)  identify the factors in a person's past that may have contributed to current behavioral problems. 
D)  make careful observations and record the social structure of a group. 
A)  study animal subjects in their natural environment. 
B)  determine the network of interpersonal relations within a group. 
C)  identify the factors in a person's past that may have contributed to current behavioral problems. 
D)  make careful observations and record the social structure of a group.

Question 10

In a content analysis of jury deliberations, you record the number of times that each of several phrases is used. These phrases constitute the _____ unit.

Accepted Answer

A)  content 
B)  context 
C)  recording 
D)  analysis 
A)  content 
B)  context 
C)  recording 
D)  analysis

Question 11

Identify a true statement about the information extraction technique.

Accepted Answer

A)  It makes collecting data from large databases cumbersome and unreliable. 
B)  It involves doing searches that lack specific rules. 
C)  It involves using specific words, expressions, and numeric values while analyzing archived records. 
D)  It transforms structured archival records to a more unstructured format that is easier to analyze. 
A)  It makes collecting data from large databases cumbersome and unreliable. 
B)  It involves doing searches that lack specific rules. 
C)  It involves using specific words, expressions, and numeric values while analyzing archived records. 
D)  It transforms structured archival records to a more unstructured format that is easier to analyze.

Question 12

To analyze qualitative ethnographic data, you:

Accepted Answer

A)  read your field notes and identify any themes or hypotheses. 
B)  systematically extract any major topics, issues, or themes present in your field records. 
C)  code any systematic patterns in your notes and consider doing an in-depth content analysis. 
D)  All of the answers are correct. 
A)  read your field notes and identify any themes or hypotheses. 
B)  systematically extract any major topics, issues, or themes present in your field records. 
C)  code any systematic patterns in your notes and consider doing an in-depth content analysis. 
D)  All of the answers are correct.

Question 13

The main advantage of collecting quantitative data is that:

Accepted Answer

A)  you can enter them into a spreadsheet. 
B)  a wide range of statistical tests is available for analyzing them. 
C)  they render statistical analysis of the data unnecessary. 
D)  you don't have to worry about interrater reliability. 
A)  you can enter them into a spreadsheet. 
B)  a wide range of statistical tests is available for analyzing them. 
C)  they render statistical analysis of the data unnecessary. 
D)  you don't have to worry about interrater reliability.

Question 14

An advantage of naturalistic observation is that:

Accepted Answer

A)  the observations you make are not tainted by an artificial laboratory environment, so you can be reasonably sure that your observations are representative of naturally occurring behavior. 
B)  it allows you to investigate the underlying causes of behavior. 
C)  it is less time-consuming than other types of observation. 
D)  All of the answers are correct. 
A)  the observations you make are not tainted by an artificial laboratory environment, so you can be reasonably sure that your observations are representative of naturally occurring behavior. 
B)  it allows you to investigate the underlying causes of behavior. 
C)  it is less time-consuming than other types of observation. 
D)  All of the answers are correct.

Question 15

Observational techniques are limited to nonexperimental studies.

Accepted Answer

A) True 
 B)False

Question 16

When conducting an ethnographic study as a participant observer, _____.

Accepted Answer

A)  you act as a functioning member of the group being observed 
B)  you observe as a nonmember 
C)  the possibility of subject reactivity is not of concern 
D)  you take charge of the group being observed and direct its activities 
A)  you act as a functioning member of the group being observed 
B)  you observe as a nonmember 
C)  the possibility of subject reactivity is not of concern 
D)  you take charge of the group being observed and direct its activities

Question 17

In an observational study of the behavior of children in a day care center, you record how long a particular behavior lasts. This is the _____ method of quantifying behavior.

Accepted Answer

A)  frequency 
B)  duration 
C)  latency 
D)  intervals 
A)  frequency 
B)  duration 
C)  latency 
D)  intervals

Question 18

In the context of observational research, observer bias can be avoided by:

Accepted Answer

A)  using a blind observer who is unaware of the hypotheses being tested. 
B)  designating one of two observers as the "main observer" and the other as the "secondary observer." 
C)  using multiple observers and measuring their level of agreement. 
D)  allowing observers to interpret what they see rather than simply recording behavior. 
A)  using a blind observer who is unaware of the hypotheses being tested. 
B)  designating one of two observers as the "main observer" and the other as the "secondary observer." 
C)  using multiple observers and measuring their level of agreement. 
D)  allowing observers to interpret what they see rather than simply recording behavior.

Question 19

Qualitative data consist of:

Accepted Answer

A)  measured quantities represented as numbers. 
B)  numerical data shown to be of high quality. 
C)  written records of observed behavior that you analyze qualitatively. 
D)  All of the answers are correct. 
A)  measured quantities represented as numbers. 
B)  numerical data shown to be of high quality. 
C)  written records of observed behavior that you analyze qualitatively. 
D)  All of the answers are correct.

Question 20

When Cooper and Rosenthal (1980) compared meta-analysis with traditional literature review, they found that meta-analysts were:

Accepted Answer

A)  less willing to reject the null hypothesis. 
B)  more willing to reject the null hypothesis. 
C)  as likely to reject the null hypothesis as those conducting the traditional literature review. 
D)  less willing to retain the null hypothesis. 
A)  less willing to reject the null hypothesis. 
B)  more willing to reject the null hypothesis. 
C)  as likely to reject the null hypothesis as those conducting the traditional literature review. 
D)  less willing to retain the null hypothesis.

When doing a meta-analysis, you should:

In a meta-analysis, the file drawer phenomenon occurs because of:

Discuss the issues of interrater reliability and observer bias. Why is it important to consider each when doing observational research? What can be done to increase interrater reliability and reduce observer bias?

You would compare two studies in a meta-analysis if you wanted to find out:

In an observational study of the behavior of monkeys in a zoo, you count the number of times a particular behavior occurs within a given time interval. This is the _____ method of quantifying behavior.

The first step when planning an observational study is to develop behavioral categories.

In a meta-analysis, the file drawer phenomenon:

Recording behavior on video for later review:

In ethnography, your role as a researcher is to:

In a content analysis of jury deliberations, you record the number of times that each of several phrases is used. These phrases constitute the _____ unit.

Identify a true statement about the information extraction technique.

To analyze qualitative ethnographic data, you:

The main advantage of collecting quantitative data is that:

An advantage of naturalistic observation is that:

Observational techniques are limited to nonexperimental studies.

When conducting an ethnographic study as a participant observer, _____.

In an observational study of the behavior of children in a day care center, you record how long a particular behavior lasts. This is the _____ method of quantifying behavior.

In the context of observational research, observer bias can be avoided by:

Qualitative data consist of:

When Cooper and Rosenthal (1980) compared meta-analysis with traditional literature review, they found that meta-analysts were:

Explaining Behavior

Developing and Evaluating Theories of Behavior

Getting Ideas for Research

Choosing a Research Design

Making Systematic Observations

Choosing and Using Research Subjects

Understanding Ethical Issues in the Research Process

Doing Survey Research

Using Between-Subjects and Within-Subjects Experimental Designs

Using Specialized Research Designs

Using Single-Subject Designs

Describing Data

Using Inferential Statistics

Using Multivariate Design and Analysis

Reporting Your Research Results

Filters

Exam 8: Doing Nonexperimental Research

When doing a meta-analysis, you should:

In a meta-analysis, the file drawer phenomenon occurs because of:

Discuss the issues of interrater reliability and observer bias. Why is it important to consider each when doing observational research? What can be done to increase interrater reliability and reduce observer bias?

You would compare two studies in a meta-analysis if you wanted to find out:

In an observational study of the behavior of monkeys in a zoo, you count the number of times a particular behavior occurs within a given time interval. This is the _____ method of quantifying behavior.

The first step when planning an observational study is to develop behavioral categories.

In a meta-analysis, the file drawer phenomenon:

Recording behavior on video for later review:

In ethnography, your role as a researcher is to:

In a content analysis of jury deliberations, you record the number of times that each of several phrases is used. These phrases constitute the _____ unit.

Identify a true statement about the information extraction technique.

To analyze qualitative ethnographic data, you:

The main advantage of collecting quantitative data is that:

An advantage of naturalistic observation is that:

Observational techniques are limited to nonexperimental studies.

When conducting an ethnographic study as a participant observer, _____.

In an observational study of the behavior of children in a day care center, you record how long a particular behavior lasts. This is the _____ method of quantifying behavior.

In the context of observational research, observer bias can be avoided by:

Qualitative data consist of:

When Cooper and Rosenthal (1980) compared meta-analysis with traditional literature review, they found that meta-analysts were:

Explaining Behavior

Developing and Evaluating Theories of Behavior

Getting Ideas for Research

Choosing a Research Design

Making Systematic Observations

Choosing and Using Research Subjects

Understanding Ethical Issues in the Research Process

Doing Survey Research

Using Between-Subjects and Within-Subjects Experimental Designs

Using Specialized Research Designs

Using Single-Subject Designs

Describing Data

Using Inferential Statistics

Using Multivariate Design and Analysis

Reporting Your Research Results

Filters