Question 1

When compared with Bacteria,species of Archaea seem to devote a higher percentage of their genomes to genes encoding proteins involved in

Accepted Answer

A)  transcription. 
B)  energy and coenzyme production. 
C)  cell membrane functions. 
D)  carbohydrate metabolism. 
A)  transcription. 
B)  energy and coenzyme production. 
C)  cell membrane functions. 
D)  carbohydrate metabolism. B

Question 2

Typically ________ of ORFs in a genome cannot clearly be assigned a function.These ORFs are usually assigned and predicted to encode hypothetical proteins.

Accepted Answer

A)  < 1 % 
B)  5 % 
C)  30 % 
D)  90 % 
A)  < 1 % 
B)  5 % 
C)  30 % 
D)  90 % C

Question 3

The intracellular parasite Nanoarchaeum equitans has one of the smallest prokaryotic genomes.Why is the genome of N.equitans so small? How is it possible that the genome of N.equitans contains more genes than that of Mycoplasma genitalium,which is actually 90 kbp larger?

Accepted Answer

The intracellular parasite,N.equitans is a highly specialized archaeon with a very condensed genome,containing little noncoding DNA and no introns.It is well-adapted to live within its archaeon host and can hijack its host's proteins.It therefore does not require its own genes for energy consumption.N.equitans contains more genes that M.genitalium because there is very little noncoding DNA and can thus fit more ORFs into a smaller genome.This is very efficient,although it does not allow for changes in gene expression in response to environmental changes.

Question 4

After transcription,mRNA may undergo significant editing.Compare and contrast RNA editing in prokaryotes and eukaryotes and connect how these differences affect genome size and gene content.

Accepted Answer

RNA editing occurs after transcription o

Question 5

Genes for DNA replication and transcription make up only a small fraction of the typical prokaryotic genome.

Accepted Answer

A) True 
 B)False

Question 6

Fourth-generation sequencing methods no longer use ________ to detect nucleotide incorporation.

Accepted Answer

A)  mass 
B)  pH 
C)  charge 
D)  light 
A)  mass 
B)  pH 
C)  charge 
D)  light

Question 7

The first genome sequenced was that of a

Accepted Answer

A)  virus. 
B)  bacterium. 
C)  eukaryote. 
D)  archaeon. 
A)  virus. 
B)  bacterium. 
C)  eukaryote. 
D)  archaeon.

Question 8

In addition to chromosomes,some mitochondria also contain other genetic material known as

Accepted Answer

A)  plasmids. 
B)  transposons. 
C)  proteomes. 
D)  lysosomes. 
A)  plasmids. 
B)  transposons. 
C)  proteomes. 
D)  lysosomes.

Question 9

RNA-Seq analysis is a method aimed at defining a(n)

Accepted Answer

A)  metabolome. 
B)  transcriptome. 
C)  interactome. 
D)  metagenome. 
A)  metabolome. 
B)  transcriptome. 
C)  interactome. 
D)  metagenome.

Question 10

Explain the terms "core genome" and "pan genome" and describe how each contributes to the genome of a bacterial species.Give an example of genes that are part of a core genome versus those that are more often in the pan genome.

Accepted Answer

A core genome is the genome content pres

Question 11

Linking an ORF with a specific function is an example of gene

Accepted Answer

A)  annotation. 
B)  assembly. 
C)  codon bias. 
D)  expression. 
A)  annotation. 
B)  assembly. 
C)  codon bias. 
D)  expression.

Question 12

What process allows evolution to "experiment" with genes to create novel functions? How is this manifested in extant genes (presently existing)and their relationships to each other?

Accepted Answer

Duplication of genes through duplication

Question 13

The Human Microbiome Project is a large research program that aims to understand all of the microorganisms on and in the human body.Which "-omic" methods could be applied directly to a sample from the human body to study the microorganisms in the sample? Propose a general experimental approach for analyzing a sample containing a complex mixture of microorganisms.

Accepted Answer

A sample from the human body,such as sto

Question 14

Knowledge of an organism's genome sequence yields important clues to how an organism functions and its evolutionary history.

Accepted Answer

A) True 
 B)False

Question 15

Which method is most commonly used in metabolomics?

Accepted Answer

A)  ion torrent semiconductor sequencing 
B)  mass spectrometry 
C)  2D polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis 
D)  Sanger method 
A)  ion torrent semiconductor sequencing 
B)  mass spectrometry 
C)  2D polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis 
D)  Sanger method

Question 16

Within Archaea and Bacteria,one megabasepairs of DNA encode about ________ open reading frames.

Accepted Answer

A)  10 
B)  100 
C)  1,000 
D)  10,000 
A)  10 
B)  100 
C)  1,000 
D)  10,000

Question 17

An open reading frame (ORF)encodes for

Accepted Answer

A)  a carbohydrate. 
B)  a polypeptide. 
C)  mRNA. 
D)  a carbohydrate or a polypeptide. 
A)  a carbohydrate. 
B)  a polypeptide. 
C)  mRNA. 
D)  a carbohydrate or a polypeptide.

Question 18

Explain how mass spectrometry (MS)has aided in the progression of the field of metabolomics.

Accepted Answer

Due to the complex nature of all possibl

Question 19

The 140 kbp genome containing many short repeats,ribosomal RNA genes,one RNA polymerase gene (rpo)and one RubisCO gene (rbcL)is most likely from a(n)

Accepted Answer

A)  plant. 
B)  autotrophic bacterium. 
C)  chloroplast. 
D)  autotrophic archaeon. 
A)  plant. 
B)  autotrophic bacterium. 
C)  chloroplast. 
D)  autotrophic archaeon.

Question 20

Genomic analysis led to the discovery that pathogenic organisms often lack genes for amino acid biosynthesis.

Accepted Answer

A) True 
 B)False

Exam 6: Microbial Genomics

When compared with Bacteria,species of Archaea seem to devote a higher percentage of their genomes to genes encoding proteins involved in

Typically ________ of ORFs in a genome cannot clearly be assigned a function.These ORFs are usually assigned and predicted to encode hypothetical proteins.

The intracellular parasite Nanoarchaeum equitans has one of the smallest prokaryotic genomes.Why is the genome of N.equitans so small? How is it possible that the genome of N.equitans contains more genes than that of Mycoplasma genitalium,which is actually 90 kbp larger?

After transcription,mRNA may undergo significant editing.Compare and contrast RNA editing in prokaryotes and eukaryotes and connect how these differences affect genome size and gene content.

Genes for DNA replication and transcription make up only a small fraction of the typical prokaryotic genome.

Fourth-generation sequencing methods no longer use ________ to detect nucleotide incorporation.

The first genome sequenced was that of a

In addition to chromosomes,some mitochondria also contain other genetic material known as

RNA-Seq analysis is a method aimed at defining a(n)

Explain the terms "core genome" and "pan genome" and describe how each contributes to the genome of a bacterial species.Give an example of genes that are part of a core genome versus those that are more often in the pan genome.

Linking an ORF with a specific function is an example of gene

What process allows evolution to "experiment" with genes to create novel functions? How is this manifested in extant genes (presently existing)and their relationships to each other?

Knowledge of an organism's genome sequence yields important clues to how an organism functions and its evolutionary history.

Which method is most commonly used in metabolomics?

Within Archaea and Bacteria,one megabasepairs of DNA encode about ________ open reading frames.

An open reading frame (ORF)encodes for

Explain how mass spectrometry (MS)has aided in the progression of the field of metabolomics.

The 140 kbp genome containing many short repeats,ribosomal RNA genes,one RNA polymerase gene (rpo)and one RubisCO gene (rbcL)is most likely from a(n)

Genomic analysis led to the discovery that pathogenic organisms often lack genes for amino acid biosynthesis.

Microorganisms and Microbiology

Microbial Cell Structure and Function

Microbial Metabolism

Molecular Biology

Microbial Growth and Control

Metabolic Regulation

Viruses and Virology

Viral Genomes and Diversity

Genetics of Bacteria and Archaea

Genetic Engineering and Biotechnology

Microbial Evolution and Systematics

Metabolic Diversity of Microorganisms

Functional Diversity of Bacteria

Diversity of Bacteria

Diversity of Archaea

Diversity of Eukaryotic Microorganisms

Methods in Microbial Ecology

Microbial Ecosystems

Nutrient Cycles

Microbiology of the Built Environment

Microbial Symbioses

Microbial Interactions With Humans

Immunity and Host Defense

Immune Mechanisms

Molecular Immunology

Diagnostic Microbiology

Epidemiology

Person-To-Person Bacterial and Viral Diseases

Vectorborne and Soilborne Bacterial and Viral Diseases

Water and Food As Vehicles of Bacterial Diseases

Eukaryotic Pathogens: Fungal and Parasitic Diseases

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