Question 1

Using specific examples,when is it appropriate to use CARD-FISH rather than the traditional FISH method and vice-versa?

Accepted Answer

CARD-FISH is especially useful when the target nucleotide sequence is at a relatively low concentration such that the fluorescent signal using traditional FISH is not strong enough to detect.While 16S rRNA-targeted probes might work in observing cells with a high copy number,other low copy number target sequences such as mRNAs (e.g.,catabolic pathway transcripts)usually require CARD-FISH to detect the target sequence.

Question 2

For microbial biodiversity studies,it is common to identify the ________ rather than the ________ as a measure of biodiversity.

Accepted Answer

A)  organisms themselves / genes 
B)  genes / organisms themselves 
C)  cell types / genes 
D)  cell types / organisms themselves 
A)  organisms themselves / genes 
B)  genes / organisms themselves 
C)  cell types / genes 
D)  cell types / organisms themselves B

Question 3

Genomic analysis of Prochlorococcus has revealed

Accepted Answer

A)  the presence of bacteriorhodopsin. 
B)  variations in ribosomal genes within the same phylotype. 
C)  complete congruence of genes and genome structure within the same phylotype. 
D)  variation in functional genes within phylotypes, but high levels of gene conservation between cultured representatives and environmental populations. 
A)  the presence of bacteriorhodopsin. 
B)  variations in ribosomal genes within the same phylotype. 
C)  complete congruence of genes and genome structure within the same phylotype. 
D)  variation in functional genes within phylotypes, but high levels of gene conservation between cultured representatives and environmental populations. D

Question 4

Why is it necessary to have a standard for the interpretation of stable isotope ratios?

Accepted Answer

A)  A standard is necessary to calculate how much radioactivity was added to a sample. 
B)  A standard is necessary to determine the stable isotope ratio in the absence of biological activity. 
C)  A standard is necessary to determine the weight of each isotopes. 
D)  A standard is necessary to determine the age of the sample. 
A)  A standard is necessary to calculate how much radioactivity was added to a sample. 
B)  A standard is necessary to determine the stable isotope ratio in the absence of biological activity. 
C)  A standard is necessary to determine the weight of each isotopes. 
D)  A standard is necessary to determine the age of the sample.

Question 5

One way to study a microbial ecosystem is to isolate microorganisms from it and study their properties in laboratory culture.

Accepted Answer

A) True 
 B)False

Question 6

Which method requires the addition of at least one radioactive chemical?

Accepted Answer

A)  CARD-FISH 
B)  MAR 
C)  NanoSIMS 
D)  SIP 
A)  CARD-FISH 
B)  MAR 
C)  NanoSIMS 
D)  SIP

Question 7

Phototrophic organisms in SIP experiments are often observed releasing ¹⁴CO₂ as measuring activity.

Accepted Answer

A) True 
 B)False

Question 8

Phylogenetic stains,such as those used in FISH,hybridize with

Accepted Answer

A)  ribosomal RNA. 
B)  mitochondrial DNA. 
C)  nuclear DNA. 
D)  RNA polymerase. 
A)  ribosomal RNA. 
B)  mitochondrial DNA. 
C)  nuclear DNA. 
D)  RNA polymerase.

Question 9

What unit is isotopic fractionation reported as?

Accepted Answer

A)  parts per billion 
B)  parts per million 
C)  parts per thousand 
D)  parts per trillion 
A)  parts per billion 
B)  parts per million 
C)  parts per thousand 
D)  parts per trillion

Question 10

Traditional enrichment culturing circumvents issues associated with "weed" species from overcoming the population.

Accepted Answer

A) True 
 B)False

Question 11

What prior knowledge is required to use a phylochip to study the abundance of the different microbes present within a microbial community? How does this cause bias when using a phylochip to analyze microbial community structure?

Accepted Answer

To construct the phylochip,the 16S rRNA

Question 12

The MPN technique is rarely applied in the food industry because any microbial presence in food is unsafe.

Accepted Answer

A) True 
 B)False

Question 13

The biggest limitation of traditional light microscopy and electron microscopy methods is that they are unable to reveal

Accepted Answer

A)  absolute cell concentration. 
B)  cellular components of small microbes because of the limits of magnification. 
C)  genetic and functional diversity of microorganisms in the habitat under study. 
D)  physical microbial interactions as found in nature. 
A)  absolute cell concentration. 
B)  cellular components of small microbes because of the limits of magnification. 
C)  genetic and functional diversity of microorganisms in the habitat under study. 
D)  physical microbial interactions as found in nature.

Question 14

The purpose of the enrichment culture technique is to enrich for organisms with specific physiological properties from a microbial community.

Accepted Answer

A) True 
 B)False

Question 15

Propose a set of procedures or steps to sequence an individual cell's genome present in lake water.

Accepted Answer

First,individual cells would need to be

Question 16

When dealing with stable isotopes,enzymes tend to favor

Accepted Answer

A)  the lighter isotope. 
B)  the heavier isotope. 
C)  the isotopes in about equal proportions. 
D)  either the lighter or the heavier isotope, depending on environmental conditions. 
A)  the lighter isotope. 
B)  the heavier isotope. 
C)  the isotopes in about equal proportions. 
D)  either the lighter or the heavier isotope, depending on environmental conditions.

Question 17

FISH technology can employ only a single phylogenetic probe.

Accepted Answer

A) True 
 B)False

Question 18

If properly constructed,a Winogradsky column can be used to isolate pure cultures.

Accepted Answer

A) True 
 B)False

Question 19

Which of the following methods do NOT involve nucleic acid hybridization?

Accepted Answer

A)  RACE-FISH 
B)  FISH-MAR 
C)  phylochips 
D)  T-RFLP 
A)  RACE-FISH 
B)  FISH-MAR 
C)  phylochips 
D)  T-RFLP

Question 20

Metatranscriptomics and metaproteomics are favored over metagenomics when ________ is of more interest than ________.

Accepted Answer

A)  gene presence / phylogeny 
B)  phylogeny / gene presence 
C)  function or gene expression / gene presence 
D)  gene presence / function or gene expression 
A)  gene presence / phylogeny 
B)  phylogeny / gene presence 
C)  function or gene expression / gene presence 
D)  gene presence / function or gene expression

Exam 18: Methods in Microbial Ecology

Using specific examples,when is it appropriate to use CARD-FISH rather than the traditional FISH method and vice-versa?

For microbial biodiversity studies,it is common to identify the ________ rather than the ________ as a measure of biodiversity.

Genomic analysis of Prochlorococcus has revealed

Why is it necessary to have a standard for the interpretation of stable isotope ratios?

One way to study a microbial ecosystem is to isolate microorganisms from it and study their properties in laboratory culture.

Which method requires the addition of at least one radioactive chemical?

Phototrophic organisms in SIP experiments are often observed releasing ¹⁴CO₂ as measuring activity.

Phylogenetic stains,such as those used in FISH,hybridize with

What unit is isotopic fractionation reported as?

Traditional enrichment culturing circumvents issues associated with "weed" species from overcoming the population.

What prior knowledge is required to use a phylochip to study the abundance of the different microbes present within a microbial community? How does this cause bias when using a phylochip to analyze microbial community structure?

The MPN technique is rarely applied in the food industry because any microbial presence in food is unsafe.

The biggest limitation of traditional light microscopy and electron microscopy methods is that they are unable to reveal

The purpose of the enrichment culture technique is to enrich for organisms with specific physiological properties from a microbial community.

Propose a set of procedures or steps to sequence an individual cell's genome present in lake water.

When dealing with stable isotopes,enzymes tend to favor

FISH technology can employ only a single phylogenetic probe.

If properly constructed,a Winogradsky column can be used to isolate pure cultures.

Which of the following methods do NOT involve nucleic acid hybridization?

Metatranscriptomics and metaproteomics are favored over metagenomics when ________ is of more interest than ________.

Microorganisms and Microbiology

Microbial Cell Structure and Function

Microbial Metabolism

Molecular Biology

Microbial Growth and Control

Microbial Genomics

Metabolic Regulation

Viruses and Virology

Viral Genomes and Diversity

Genetics of Bacteria and Archaea

Genetic Engineering and Biotechnology

Microbial Evolution and Systematics

Metabolic Diversity of Microorganisms

Functional Diversity of Bacteria

Diversity of Bacteria

Diversity of Archaea

Diversity of Eukaryotic Microorganisms

Microbial Ecosystems

Nutrient Cycles

Microbiology of the Built Environment

Microbial Symbioses

Microbial Interactions With Humans

Immunity and Host Defense

Immune Mechanisms

Molecular Immunology

Diagnostic Microbiology

Epidemiology

Person-To-Person Bacterial and Viral Diseases

Vectorborne and Soilborne Bacterial and Viral Diseases

Water and Food As Vehicles of Bacterial Diseases

Eukaryotic Pathogens: Fungal and Parasitic Diseases

Filters

For microbial biodiversity studies,it is common to identify the rather than the as a measure of biodiversity.

Metatranscriptomics and metaproteomics are favored over metagenomics when is of more interest than .