Question 1

Mutation is defined as the:

Accepted Answer

A) change of the bacterial genotypes through the exchange of DNA from one cell to another. 
B) internal change in the original nucleotide sequence of a gene or genes within an organism's genome. 
C) process by which genetic elements such as plasmids and transposons excise from one genomic location and insert into another. 
D) uptake of free DNA from the environment and recombination with the recipient's homologous DNA. 
A) change of the bacterial genotypes through the exchange of DNA from one cell to another. 
B) internal change in the original nucleotide sequence of a gene or genes within an organism's genome. 
C) process by which genetic elements such as plasmids and transposons excise from one genomic location and insert into another. 
D) uptake of free DNA from the environment and recombination with the recipient's homologous DNA. B

Question 2

In gene regulation and control,induction can be defined as the:

Accepted Answer

A) mechanism of genetic control in which genes are induced only when the substrate to be degraded by enzymatic action is present. 
B) uptake of free DNA from the environment and recombination with the recipient's homologous DNA. 
C) mechanism of genetic control in which genes are not transcribed and therefore are not expressed in the presence of those target products in sufficient supply. 
D) change of the bacterial genotypes through the exchange of DNA from one cell to another. 
A) mechanism of genetic control in which genes are induced only when the substrate to be degraded by enzymatic action is present. 
B) uptake of free DNA from the environment and recombination with the recipient's homologous DNA. 
C) mechanism of genetic control in which genes are not transcribed and therefore are not expressed in the presence of those target products in sufficient supply. 
D) change of the bacterial genotypes through the exchange of DNA from one cell to another. A

Question 3

Neisseria gonorrhoeae are present in the vaginal compartment with nonpathogenic commensal Neisseria spp.When the patient's system begins to attack the pathogenic species,some of the cells autolyze releasing their genetic material into the environment.Other Neisseria species are then capable of taking up the DNA from the organisms that have autolyzed altering their genetic makeup and changing their pili protein structure.This process can be described as:

Accepted Answer

A) competent cells being transformed by genetic recombination. 
B) bacteria ingesting DNA and using the information for transcription. 
C) mutation of the pathogenic organisms resulting in enhanced infection. 
D) transformation and genetic recombination resulting in expression of new pili proteins to evade the immune system. 
A) competent cells being transformed by genetic recombination. 
B) bacteria ingesting DNA and using the information for transcription. 
C) mutation of the pathogenic organisms resulting in enhanced infection. 
D) transformation and genetic recombination resulting in expression of new pili proteins to evade the immune system. D

Question 4

Transduction is defined as the:

Accepted Answer

A) change of the bacterial genotypes through the exchange of DNA from one cell to another. 
B) internal change in the original nucleotide sequence of a gene or genes within an organism's genome. 
C) process by which genetic elements such as plasmids and transposons excise from one genomic location and insert into another. 
D) mechanism that is mediated by viruses,by which DNA from two bacteria may come together in one cell,thus allowing for recombination. 
A) change of the bacterial genotypes through the exchange of DNA from one cell to another. 
B) internal change in the original nucleotide sequence of a gene or genes within an organism's genome. 
C) process by which genetic elements such as plasmids and transposons excise from one genomic location and insert into another. 
D) mechanism that is mediated by viruses,by which DNA from two bacteria may come together in one cell,thus allowing for recombination.

Question 5

Transformation is defined as the:

Accepted Answer

A) change of the bacterial genotypes through the exchange of DNA from one cell to another. 
B) internal change in the original nucleotide sequence of a gene or genes within an organism's genome. 
C) process by which genetic elements such as plasmids and transposons excise from one genomic location and insert into another. 
D) uptake of free DNA from the environment and recombination with the recipient's homologous DNA. 
A) change of the bacterial genotypes through the exchange of DNA from one cell to another. 
B) internal change in the original nucleotide sequence of a gene or genes within an organism's genome. 
C) process by which genetic elements such as plasmids and transposons excise from one genomic location and insert into another. 
D) uptake of free DNA from the environment and recombination with the recipient's homologous DNA.

Question 6

Pieces of DNA that move from plasmid to chromosome or vice versa but are not found as separate entities are called:

Accepted Answer

A) DNA polymerases. 
B) transposable elements. 
C) plasmids. 
D) chromatoids. 
A) DNA polymerases. 
B) transposable elements. 
C) plasmids. 
D) chromatoids.

Question 7

The term used when oxidative phosphorylation uses oxygen as the terminal electron acceptor is:

Accepted Answer

A) substrate-level phosphorylation. 
B) fermentative metabolism. 
C) anaerobic respiration. 
D) aerobic respiration. 
A) substrate-level phosphorylation. 
B) fermentative metabolism. 
C) anaerobic respiration. 
D) aerobic respiration.

Question 8

A patient is infected with a bacteria that is resistant to erythromycin (the antibiotic is not effective)and sensitive to clindamycin (the antibiotic is effective).However,the patient is not improving and the organism now appears to be resistant to both antibiotics.The reason for this alteration in gene expression in the bacterium is likely due to:

Accepted Answer

A) genetic regulation that encodes the resistance mechanism is constitutive. 
B) the genetic regulation encoding the enhanced resistance is inducible. 
C) the genetic regulation for the enhanced resistance is normally suppressed. 
D) the organism was always resistant to both antibiotics and should not have been treated with the combination therapy. 
A) genetic regulation that encodes the resistance mechanism is constitutive. 
B) the genetic regulation encoding the enhanced resistance is inducible. 
C) the genetic regulation for the enhanced resistance is normally suppressed. 
D) the organism was always resistant to both antibiotics and should not have been treated with the combination therapy.

Question 9

Teichoic acids are:

Accepted Answer

A) waxy substances that are found in some bacterial cell walls that make the cells resistant to toxic substances,including acids. 
B) glycerol- or ribitol-phosphate polymers that are combined with various sugars,amino acids,and amino sugars,which are a part of the cell wall of gram-positive bacteria. 
C) high-molecular-weight polysaccharides that coat some bacterial cells and protect the bacteria from attack by cells of the human defense system. 
D) hairlike,proteinaceous structures that extend from the cell. 
A) waxy substances that are found in some bacterial cell walls that make the cells resistant to toxic substances,including acids. 
B) glycerol- or ribitol-phosphate polymers that are combined with various sugars,amino acids,and amino sugars,which are a part of the cell wall of gram-positive bacteria. 
C) high-molecular-weight polysaccharides that coat some bacterial cells and protect the bacteria from attack by cells of the human defense system. 
D) hairlike,proteinaceous structures that extend from the cell.

Question 10

Recombination is defined as the:

Accepted Answer

A) change of the bacterial genotypes through the exchange of DNA from one cell to another. 
B) internal change in the original nucleotide sequence of a gene or genes within an organism's genome. 
C) process by which genetic elements such as plasmids and transposons excise from one genomic location and insert into another. 
D) uptake of free DNA from the environment and recombination with the recipient's homologous DNA. 
A) change of the bacterial genotypes through the exchange of DNA from one cell to another. 
B) internal change in the original nucleotide sequence of a gene or genes within an organism's genome. 
C) process by which genetic elements such as plasmids and transposons excise from one genomic location and insert into another. 
D) uptake of free DNA from the environment and recombination with the recipient's homologous DNA.

Question 11

Teichoic acids,mycolic acids,peptidoglycan,and disaccharide-pentapeptide subunits are all building blocks of which bacterial structure?

Accepted Answer

A) Outer cell membrane 
B) Flagella 
C) Inner cell membrane 
D) Cell wall 
A) Outer cell membrane 
B) Flagella 
C) Inner cell membrane 
D) Cell wall

Question 12

In gene regulation and control,repression is defined as the:

Accepted Answer

A) internal change in the original nucleotide sequence of a gene or genes within an organism's genome. 
B) mechanism of genetic control in which genes are induced only when the substrate to be degraded by enzymatic action is present. 
C) change of the bacterial genotypes through the exchange of DNA from one cell to another. 
D) mechanism of genetic control in which genes are not transcribed and therefore are not expressed in the presence of those target products in sufficient supply. 
A) internal change in the original nucleotide sequence of a gene or genes within an organism's genome. 
B) mechanism of genetic control in which genes are induced only when the substrate to be degraded by enzymatic action is present. 
C) change of the bacterial genotypes through the exchange of DNA from one cell to another. 
D) mechanism of genetic control in which genes are not transcribed and therefore are not expressed in the presence of those target products in sufficient supply.

Question 13

The pathway of metabolism that involves a series of electron transfers from reduced carrier molecules such as NADH₂ and NADPH₂ to a terminal electron acceptor is:

Accepted Answer

A) substrate-level phosphorylation. 
B) fermentative metabolism. 
C) oxidative phosphorylation. 
D) aerobic respiration. 
A) substrate-level phosphorylation. 
B) fermentative metabolism. 
C) oxidative phosphorylation. 
D) aerobic respiration.

Question 14

The enzyme that adds nucleotide bases to each growing daughter strand in the replication process is called:

Accepted Answer

A) replication enzymes. 
B) DNA polymerase. 
C) insertion sequence enzymes. 
D) transcriptase. 
A) replication enzymes. 
B) DNA polymerase. 
C) insertion sequence enzymes. 
D) transcriptase.

Question 15

All genes within an organism make up that organism's:

Accepted Answer

A) chromosomes. 
B) genome. 
C) nucleotides. 
D) DNA. 
A) chromosomes. 
B) genome. 
C) nucleotides. 
D) DNA.

Question 16

The structure of bacterial chromosomes differs from that of eukaryotic organisms in all of the following except:

Accepted Answer

A) bacterial chromosomes are typically circular. 
B) the genes are polycistronic. 
C) the bacteria have two copies of each chromosome. 
D) bacterial mutations are easily transmitted or inherited. 
A) bacterial chromosomes are typically circular. 
B) the genes are polycistronic. 
C) the bacteria have two copies of each chromosome. 
D) bacterial mutations are easily transmitted or inherited.

Question 17

Miniature chromosomes composed of several genes in double-stranded,closed,circular structures are called:

Accepted Answer

A) transposons. 
B) insertion sequences. 
C) plasmids. 
D) chromatoids. 
A) transposons. 
B) insertion sequences. 
C) plasmids. 
D) chromatoids.

Question 18

The major difference between gram-positive and gram-negative bacteria is that:

Accepted Answer

A) the peptidoglycan layer in gram-positive bacteria is substantially thinner than in gram-negative bacteria. 
B) gram-positive bacteria contain a periplasmic space,whereas gram-negative bacteria do not. 
C) flagella are only present in gram-positive bacteria. 
D) gram-negative bacteria contain an outer membrane that functions as the cell's initial barrier to the environment. 
A) the peptidoglycan layer in gram-positive bacteria is substantially thinner than in gram-negative bacteria. 
B) gram-positive bacteria contain a periplasmic space,whereas gram-negative bacteria do not. 
C) flagella are only present in gram-positive bacteria. 
D) gram-negative bacteria contain an outer membrane that functions as the cell's initial barrier to the environment.

Question 19

A DNA sequence that encodes for a specific product (ribonucleic acid [RNA] or protein)is defined as a:

Accepted Answer

A) gene. 
B) genome. 
C) nucleotide. 
D) deoxyribonucleic acid. 
A) gene. 
B) genome. 
C) nucleotide. 
D) deoxyribonucleic acid.

Question 20

Which organelle is found in eukaryotic cells and is responsible for controlled enzymatic degradation of intracellular substances?

Accepted Answer

A) Mitochondria 
B) Lysosomes 
C) Endoplasmic reticulum 
D) Golgi body 
A) Mitochondria 
B) Lysosomes 
C) Endoplasmic reticulum 
D) Golgi body

Exam 2: Bacterial Genetics, metabolism, and Structure

Mutation is defined as the:

In gene regulation and control,induction can be defined as the:

Transduction is defined as the:

Transformation is defined as the:

Pieces of DNA that move from plasmid to chromosome or vice versa but are not found as separate entities are called:

The term used when oxidative phosphorylation uses oxygen as the terminal electron acceptor is:

Teichoic acids are:

Recombination is defined as the:

Teichoic acids,mycolic acids,peptidoglycan,and disaccharide-pentapeptide subunits are all building blocks of which bacterial structure?

In gene regulation and control,repression is defined as the:

The pathway of metabolism that involves a series of electron transfers from reduced carrier molecules such as NADH₂ and NADPH₂ to a terminal electron acceptor is:

The enzyme that adds nucleotide bases to each growing daughter strand in the replication process is called:

All genes within an organism make up that organism's:

The structure of bacterial chromosomes differs from that of eukaryotic organisms in all of the following except:

Miniature chromosomes composed of several genes in double-stranded,closed,circular structures are called:

The major difference between gram-positive and gram-negative bacteria is that:

A DNA sequence that encodes for a specific product (ribonucleic acid [RNA] or protein)is defined as a:

Which organelle is found in eukaryotic cells and is responsible for controlled enzymatic degradation of intracellular substances?

Microbial Taxonomy

Host-Microorganism Interactions

Laboratory Safety

Specimen Management

Role of Microscopy

Traditional Cultivation and Identification

Nucleic Acid-Based Analytic Methods for Microbial Identification and Characterization

Overview of Immunochemical Methods Used for Organism Detection

Principles of Antimicrobial Action Resistance

Laboratory Methods and Strategies for Antimicrobial Susceptibility Testing

Staphylococcus, Micrococcus, and Similar Organisms

Streptococcus, Enterococcus, and Similar Organisms

Bacillus and Similar Organisms

Listeria Corynebacterium and Similar Organisms

Erysipelothrix, Lactobacillus, and Similar Organisms

Nocardia, Streptomyces, Rhodococcus, Oerskovia, and Similar Organisms

Enterobacteriaceae

Acinetobacter, Stenotrophomonas, and Other Organisms

Pseudomonas, Burkholderia, and Similar Organisms

Achromobacter, Rhizobium, Ochrobactrum, and Similar Organisms

Chryseobacterium, Sphingobacterium, and Similar Organisms

Alcaligenes, Bordetella Nonpertussis, Comamonas, and Similar Organisms

Vibrio, aeromonas, Plesiomonas Shigelloides, and Chromobacterium Violaceum

Sphingomonas Paucimobilis and Similar Organisms

Moraxella

Eikenella Corrodens and Similar Organisms

Pasteurella and Similar Organisms

Actinobacillus, Kingella, Cardiobacterium, Capnocytophaga, and Similar Organisms

Haemophilus

Bartonella and Afipia

Campylobacter, Arcobacter, and Helicobacter

Legionella

Brucella

Bordetella Pertussis and Bordetella Parapertussis

Francisella

Streptobacillus Moniliformis and Spirillum Minus

Neisseria and Moraxella Catarrhalis

Overview and General Considerations

Laboratory Considerations

Mycobacteria

Obligate Intracellular and Non-culturable Bacterial Agents

Cell Walldeficient Bacteria: Mycoplasma and Ureaplasma

The Spirochetes

Overview of the Methods and Strategies in Parasitology

Intestinal Protozoa

Blood and Tissue Protozoa

Protozoa From Other Body Sites

Intestinal Nematodes

Tissue Nematodes

Blood Nematodes

Intestinal Cestodes

Tissue Cestodes

Intestinal Trematodes

Liver and Lung Trematodes

Blood Trematodes

Overview of Fungal Identification Methods and Strategies

Hyaline Molds, Zygomycetes, Dermatophytes, and Opportunistic and Systemic Mycoses

Dematiaceious Molds

Opportunistic Atypical Fungus: Pjirovecii

The Yeasts

Anti-fungal Susceptibility Testing, therapy, and Prevention