Exam 4: Perceptions and Attributions

Causal attributions of task difficulty and luck are internal,and causal attributions of ability and effort are external.

The Pygmalion effect refers to the loss in performance resulting from low expectations on the boss's part.

Pygmalion is the belief that all members of specific groups share similar traits and behaviors.

Read the following scenario and explain how issues related to perceptual errors may be manifest in the case.Clarify any assumptions that you make in this process. Scott was looking for an U.S.manager to head up the Beijing,China operation.Nancy,a 20-year-veteran of the company,was the most logical choice given her competencies and experience.However,Scott did not consider Nancy for the job at all and instead chose a man with fewer competencies and less experience who he was sure would be willing to make the international move and whose wife would be willing to follow.

______ is when one positive or negative characteristic dominants the way that person is viewed by others.

Julie is the senior teller at a bank.She lets others know that she can make life difficult for them if they push her.It appears that Julie is using the impression management tactic of:

____ is an expectation of a particular interpretation based on past experience with the same or a similar object.

An example of an external factor that influences perceptual selection is:

When Professor Smith returned an assignment to her class,her students objected to their grades.The students argued that the assignment was too vague and the grading did not accurately reflect their knowledge.Professor Smith believes the assignment to be fair,and that the class had chosen not to work on it until the last minute.In this context,discuss the attribution process,and analyze how the concepts of fundamental attribution error and self-serving bias might account for the difference in perceptions between Professor Smith and her class.

John does well on his test after encouragement and high expectations from his teacher.This is an example of _____.

Ron,who has rarely been late to a staff meeting,has just arrived at today's meeting 10 minutes late.Under these circumstances,it is unlikely that participants in the meeting will make conscious causal attributions regarding Ron's behavior.

When a woman's voice quality is high in breathiness,the personality judgment made is usually that the woman is muscular and intelligent.

Distinctiveness refers to the extent to which others,faced with the same situation,behave in a manner similar to the person perceived.

In the process of impression management,the tactic of self-promotion involves trying to avoid being noticed by the boss.

According to Learning from Experience: Jim Sinegal,the cofounder,president,and CEO of Costco Wholesale,think shareholders are best served if the company does all it can to hold down costs,including the costs of labor.

All of the following are common types of perceptual errors except:

Which of the following represent(s)an important fact(s)that employees and managers need to be aware of in work situations?

Under conditions of low consensus,low distinctiveness,and high consistency,the perceiver will tend to attribute the behavior of the perceived to internal causes.

Internal attributions are:

Learning and motivation are internal factors influencing perceptual selection.