Exam 5: Learning Concepts to Improve Performance: Part A

Interpersonal punishers,such as oral reprimands and nonverbal punishers,are frequently used in organizations.

Money is an example of a primary reinforcer.

A secondary reinforcer is an event that once had a neutral value but has taken on some value (positive or negative)for an individual because of past experience.

Paying employees on a piece-rate system is an example of fixed interval schedule reinforcement.

Social learning theory has five dimensions: symbolizing,forethought,vicarious learning,self-control,and self-efficacy.

The contingency of reinforcement called negative reinforcement occurs when an employee is provided with a pleasant event.

At Microsoft's research and development laboratory,engineers and scientists are encouraged to question top management's directives because innovation and professional judgment are crucial to the organization's success.

Punishment decreases employee initiative and flexibility.

According to social learning theory,learning is viewed as knowledge acquisition through the mental processing of information.

The removal of an unpleasant event tends to decrease the probability of desired employee behavior.

Negative reinforcement decreases the frequency of desired employee behavior.

Voluntary behaviors are called operants because they have some influence on the environment.

The work setting and organizational norms provide perspectives for determining whether a behavior is desirable or undesirable.

Photographers at a daily newspaper are used to receiving monthly awards for their pictures.When the newspaper switched to a digital system,many photographers had difficulty learning the new technology and continued to turn their pictures in to editors using the old system.To encourage photographers to make the change,only pictures in the new digital system were eligible for the monthly awards.Editors ignored photographers who sent in pictures using the old system.This is an example of management using positive reinforcement to increase desired behaviors.

Reinforcement will always increase the frequency of employee behavior.

Employees who have self-efficacy believe that they have the ability needed,that they are capable of the effort required and that no outside events will keep them from performing at a high level.

Self-efficacy has an impact on learning in two ways: It influences the activities and goals that individuals choose for themselves It affects the persistence with which an individual stays with a complex task.

Classical conditioning is widely used by managers in work settings to shape subordinates behaviors.

People use forethought to anticipate,plan,and guide their behaviors and actions.

Punishment refers to an unpleasant event following a behavior and decreasing its frequency.