Question 1

Differentiate between classical and operant conditioning,and explain the relevance of each to organizational behavior.

Accepted Answer

Classical conditioning is the process by which individuals learn to link the information value from a neutral stimulus to a stimulus that would not naturally cause a response.It involves reflexive behavior,which is not under an individual's conscious control.Classical conditioning includes the development of associations between someone's thoughts or feelings and particular environmental stimulus situations.However,since desired employee behaviors typically do not include reflexive responses that can be changed by using classical conditioning techniques,classical conditioning is usually not considered very applicable in the work setting.Operant conditioning,on the other hand,refers to a process by which individuals learn voluntary behavior.In this case,it is the consequences of the behavior that influence the learning process.Many employees' work behaviors are operant behaviors.Thus,operant conditioning is of considerable value to managers,since they can influence the results of employees' operant behaviors,and thereby manage employee performance.

Question 2

The ____ reinforcement schedule leads to a very high performance level.

Accepted Answer

A)  variable ratio schedule 
B)  fixed ratio schedule 
C)  fixed interval schedule 
D)  variable interval schedule 
A)  variable ratio schedule 
B)  fixed ratio schedule 
C)  fixed interval schedule 
D)  variable interval schedule A

Question 3

When an unpleasant event is removed,the contingency of reinforcement is:

Accepted Answer

A)  omission 
B)  punishment 
C)  negative reinforcement 
D)  positive reinforcement 
A)  omission 
B)  punishment 
C)  negative reinforcement 
D)  positive reinforcement C

Question 4

Individuals learn voluntary behavior through a process known as:

Accepted Answer

A)  contingency of reinforcement 
B)  classical conditioning 
C)  self-efficacy conditioning 
D)  operant conditioning 
A)  contingency of reinforcement 
B)  classical conditioning 
C)  self-efficacy conditioning 
D)  operant conditioning

Question 5

When using positive reinforcement,the principle of ____ states that the larger the amount of reinforcer delivered after the desired behavior,the more effect the reinforcer will have on the frequency of the desired behavior.

Accepted Answer

A)  immediate reinforcement 
B)  contingent reinforcement 
C)  reinforcement deprivation 
D)  reinforcement size 
A)  immediate reinforcement 
B)  contingent reinforcement 
C)  reinforcement deprivation 
D)  reinforcement size

Question 6

Which of the following is an example of an operant behavior and its consequences? A student:

Accepted Answer

A)  enters a restaurant and sits down 
B)  enters a football stadium and looks at the scoreboard 
C)  studies and gets good grades 
D)  is late to work and is ignored by everyone 
A)  enters a restaurant and sits down 
B)  enters a football stadium and looks at the scoreboard 
C)  studies and gets good grades 
D)  is late to work and is ignored by everyone

Question 7

Provide an example of contingent reinforcement beginning with the antecedent of a manager and employee setting sales goals.

Accepted Answer

Answer should include that contingency o

Question 8

The recommended guidelines for using contingencies of reinforcement in the work setting include all of the following except:

Accepted Answer

A)  do not punish employees in front of others 
B)  let employees know what they are doing wrong 
C)  reward all employees the same 
D)  make the response equal to the behavior by not cheating workers out of their just
Rewards 
A)  do not punish employees in front of others 
B)  let employees know what they are doing wrong 
C)  reward all employees the same 
D)  make the response equal to the behavior by not cheating workers out of their just
Rewards

Question 9

The purpose of punishment is to ____ the frequency of employee behavior.

Accepted Answer

A)  reinforce 
B)  decrease 
C)  minimize 
D)  increase 
A)  reinforce 
B)  decrease 
C)  minimize 
D)  increase

Question 10

Each month,a manager must select a different employee to call on a difficult but important client.To maintain morale as well as a high level of customer service with the difficult client,the manager asks employees to volunteer for the assignment.Identify the schedule of reinforcement and the nature of the reinforcement contingency that would be most appropriate for the manager to use in order to maintain high levels of volunteerism for this undesirable assignment.Be sure to clarify any assumptions that you make in developing your answer.

Accepted Answer

While this answer may be approached in a

Question 11

____ is the simplest schedule of reinforcement.

Accepted Answer

A)  Continuous reinforcement 
B)  Intermittent reinforcement 
C)  Interval schedules 
D)  Ratio schedules 
A)  Continuous reinforcement 
B)  Intermittent reinforcement 
C)  Interval schedules 
D)  Ratio schedules

Question 12

Employees with high self-efficacy believe all of the following except:

Accepted Answer

A)  they have the ability needed 
B)  they are capable of the effort required 
C)  they will succeed based on luck 
D)  no outside events will keep them from performing at a high level 
A)  they have the ability needed 
B)  they are capable of the effort required 
C)  they will succeed based on luck 
D)  no outside events will keep them from performing at a high level

Question 13

A(n)____ schedule of reinforcement is applied when reinforcement is delivered after some,but not every,occurrence of a behavior.

Accepted Answer

A)  staggered 
B)  continuous 
C)  variable ratio 
D)  intermittent 
A)  staggered 
B)  continuous 
C)  variable ratio 
D)  intermittent

Question 14

When punishment fails,long-term suppression of an undesirable behavior often requires:

Accepted Answer

A)  continued and,perhaps,increasingly severe punishment 
B)  the manager's presence to suppress the behavior 
C)  both of these could be required 
D)  neither of these would be required 
A)  continued and,perhaps,increasingly severe punishment 
B)  the manager's presence to suppress the behavior 
C)  both of these could be required 
D)  neither of these would be required

Question 15

____ asserts that learning is knowledge acquisition through the mental processing of information.

Accepted Answer

A)  Classical conditioning 
B)  Operant conditioning theory 
C)  Social learning theory 
D)  Cognitive processing theory 
A)  Classical conditioning 
B)  Operant conditioning theory 
C)  Social learning theory 
D)  Cognitive processing theory

Question 16

According to social learning theory,people use ____ to anticipate,plan,and guide their behaviors and actions.

Accepted Answer

A)  forethought 
B)  symbols 
C)  cognitive processes 
D)  vicarious learning 
A)  forethought 
B)  symbols 
C)  cognitive processes 
D)  vicarious learning

Question 17

Voluntary behavior can be learned through:

Accepted Answer

A)  classical conditioning 
B)  social learning theory 
C)  operant conditioning 
D)  both classical conditioning and operant conditioning are incorrect 
A)  classical conditioning 
B)  social learning theory 
C)  operant conditioning 
D)  both classical conditioning and operant conditioning are incorrect

Question 18

A ____ is the result of a behavior,which can be either positive or negative in terms of goal or task accomplishment.

Accepted Answer

A)  contingency of reinforcement 
B)  consequence 
C)  behavioral modification 
D)  kaizen 
A)  contingency of reinforcement 
B)  consequence 
C)  behavioral modification 
D)  kaizen

Question 19

A fixed interval schedule to administer rewards tends to produce ____ behavior?

Accepted Answer

A)  high energy 
B)  consistent 
C)  uneven 
D)  fixed 
A)  high energy 
B)  consistent 
C)  uneven 
D)  fixed

Question 20

According to the Across Cultures competency,Flowers: A Symbol of Love?,the color red is used to ____ in Mexico.

Accepted Answer

A)  predict death 
B)  cast spells 
C)  cure illness 
D)  express love 
A)  predict death 
B)  cast spells 
C)  cure illness 
D)  express love

Exam 5: Learning Concepts to Improve Performance: Part B

Differentiate between classical and operant conditioning,and explain the relevance of each to organizational behavior.

The ____ reinforcement schedule leads to a very high performance level.

When an unpleasant event is removed,the contingency of reinforcement is:

Individuals learn voluntary behavior through a process known as:

When using positive reinforcement,the principle of ____ states that the larger the amount of reinforcer delivered after the desired behavior,the more effect the reinforcer will have on the frequency of the desired behavior.

Which of the following is an example of an operant behavior and its consequences? A student:

Provide an example of contingent reinforcement beginning with the antecedent of a manager and employee setting sales goals.

The recommended guidelines for using contingencies of reinforcement in the work setting include all of the following except:

The purpose of punishment is to ____ the frequency of employee behavior.

____ is the simplest schedule of reinforcement.

Employees with high self-efficacy believe all of the following except:

A(n)____ schedule of reinforcement is applied when reinforcement is delivered after some,but not every,occurrence of a behavior.

When punishment fails,long-term suppression of an undesirable behavior often requires:

____ asserts that learning is knowledge acquisition through the mental processing of information.

According to social learning theory,people use ____ to anticipate,plan,and guide their behaviors and actions.

Voluntary behavior can be learned through:

A ____ is the result of a behavior,which can be either positive or negative in terms of goal or task accomplishment.

A fixed interval schedule to administer rewards tends to produce ____ behavior?

According to the Across Cultures competency,Flowers: A Symbol of Love?,the color red is used to ____ in Mexico.

Learning About Organizational Behavior

Individual and Organizational Ethics

Understanding Individual Differences: Part A

Understanding Individual Differences: Part B

Perceptions and Attributions

Learning Concepts to Improve Performance: Part A

Motivating Employees

Motivation: Goal Setting and Reward Programs

Workplace Stress and Aggression: Part A

Workplace Stress and Aggression: Part B

Interpersonal Communication in Organizations: Part A

Interpersonal Communication in Organizations: Part B

Leadership Effectiveness: Foundations

Leadership Effectiveness: New Perspectives

Developing and Leading Teams: Part A

Developing and Leading Teams: Part B

Managing Conflict and Negotiating Effectively

Managerial Decision Making

Organization Design

Cultivating Organizational Culture

Managing Organizational Change

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