Question 1

Mendel studied what he called characters and traits. What terms do we use today that have the same meaning?

Accepted Answer

A) alleles and genes 
B) homozygous and heterozygous 
C) diploid and haploid 
D) genotype and phenotype 
A) alleles and genes 
B) homozygous and heterozygous 
C) diploid and haploid 
D) genotype and phenotype

Question 2

Suppose you have type A blood (genotype IAi). To whom can you safely donate blood?

Accepted Answer

A) to people with type A only 
B) to people with type AB only 
C) to people with type O only 
D) to people with types A and AB 
A) to people with type A only 
B) to people with type AB only 
C) to people with type O only 
D) to people with types A and AB

Question 3

Explain why Mendel's work was so groundbreaking.

Accepted Answer

Mendel applied both the scientific metho

Question 4

Match each term with its correct definition.
-incomplete dominance

Accepted Answer

A) displayed traits are unchanged over multiple generations 
B) first generation of offspring from a parental cross 
C) true-breeding organisms used in the initial cross 
D) result of a cross between two first-generation organisms 
E) allele that is expressed no matter what other allele is present
F)allele that is expressed only if two identical copies are present
G)any organism with two identical copies of an allele
H)any organism with two different forms of an allele
I)F1 heterozygote (for a single trait)
J)genetic makeup of an organism
K)physical traits of an organism
L)likelihood of something occurring if the occurrence is a matter of chance
M)organism that is heterozygous for two different traits
N)where an allele is found on a chromosome
O)when one allele cannot completely mask the effects of another allele
P)alleles at one locus mask the expression of alleles at a different locus
Q)several different genes contribute to a particular phenotype
R)single allele has multiple phenotypic effects 
A) displayed traits are unchanged over multiple generations 
B) first generation of offspring from a parental cross 
C) true-breeding organisms used in the initial cross 
D) result of a cross between two first-generation organisms 
E) allele that is expressed no matter what other allele is present
F)allele that is expressed only if two identical copies are present
G)any organism with two identical copies of an allele
H)any organism with two different forms of an allele
I)F1 heterozygote (for a single trait)
J)genetic makeup of an organism
K)physical traits of an organism
L)likelihood of something occurring if the occurrence is a matter of chance
M)organism that is heterozygous for two different traits
N)where an allele is found on a chromosome
O)when one allele cannot completely mask the effects of another allele
P)alleles at one locus mask the expression of alleles at a different locus
Q)several different genes contribute to a particular phenotype
R)single allele has multiple phenotypic effects

Question 5

Which of the following represents a testcross?

Accepted Answer

A) RrMm ⋅ RrMm 
B) RRMM ⋅ rrmm 
C) rrMM ⋅ RRmm 
D) RrMm ⋅ rrmm 
A) RrMm ⋅ RrMm 
B) RRMM ⋅ rrmm 
C) rrMM ⋅ RRmm 
D) RrMm ⋅ rrmm

Question 6

Suppose that at least one of your parents has Huntington's disease, which is caused by a dominant allele. What are the odds of you inheriting the disorder?

Accepted Answer

A) 100% 
B) 75% 
C) 50% 
D) 25% 
A) 100% 
B) 75% 
C) 50% 
D) 25%

Question 7

Suppose that your mother has albinism, which is a recessive trait. Also suppose your father has cystic fibrosis, which is also caused by a recessive trait. And you learn that your father-in-law has albinism and cystic fibrosis. What are the odds that your first child will have either albinism or cystic fibrosis, but NOT both?

Accepted Answer

A) 3 in 8 
B) 1 in 4 
C) 1 in 8 
D) 1 in 16 
A) 3 in 8 
B) 1 in 4 
C) 1 in 8 
D) 1 in 16

Question 8

Which of the following mathematical expressions represents the product rule, leading to the conclusion that both event X and event Y are occurring?

Accepted Answer

A) P = X2Y2 
B) P = XY 
C) P = X + Y 
D) P = X2 + Y2 
A) P = X2Y2 
B) P = XY 
C) P = X + Y 
D) P = X2 + Y2

Question 9

Suppose that round is the dominant allele for a pea; the recessive allele produces a wrinkled pea. How can true-breeding pea plants having round peas be obtained with the least amount of work?

Accepted Answer

A) perform a testcross of the plants with wrinkled peas to determine which are true breeding 
B) perform a testcross on the plants with round peas to determine which are true breeding 
C) perform multiple crosses between plants with round peas until one emerges that seems true breeding 
D) perform multiple crosses between plants with wrinkled peas until one emerges that seems true breeding 
A) perform a testcross of the plants with wrinkled peas to determine which are true breeding 
B) perform a testcross on the plants with round peas to determine which are true breeding 
C) perform multiple crosses between plants with round peas until one emerges that seems true breeding 
D) perform multiple crosses between plants with wrinkled peas until one emerges that seems true breeding

Question 10

Suppose the pigmentation of a Labrador retriever's fur is subject to epistasis of the B alleles by the e alleles. B (black) is dominant over b (chocolate brown). E is dominant over

Accepted Answer

A) BBEe 
B) BBee 
C) BbEe 
D) bbEE 
E)  Homozygous e is epistatic to the black and chocolate genes. Given this information, what genotype would give a yellow (or "golden") retriever? 
A) BBEe 
B) BBee 
C) BbEe 
D) bbEE 
E)  Homozygous e is epistatic to the black and chocolate genes. Given this information, what genotype would give a yellow (or "golden") retriever?

Question 11

Mendel knew about and understood incomplete dominance.

Accepted Answer

A) True 
 B)False

Question 12

Would meiosis, when it was discovered, have been understood without Mendel's work? Explain why or why not, using Mendel's three key findings about inheritance.

Accepted Answer

No, meiosis would not have been understo

Question 13

Which of the following mathematical expressions represents the sum rule, which can be used to determine the probability of either event X or event Y occurring if they CANNOT occur simultaneously? (In the equations below, Px means probability of event X; Py means probability of event Y.)

Accepted Answer

A) = (Px)2 + (Py)2 
B) = Px + Py 
C) = PxPy 
D) = (Px + Py)2 
A) = (Px)2 + (Py)2 
B) = Px + Py 
C) = PxPy 
D) = (Px + Py)2

Question 14

Match each term with its correct definition.
-locus

Accepted Answer

A) displayed traits are unchanged over multiple generations 
B) first generation of offspring from a parental cross 
C) true-breeding organisms used in the initial cross 
D) result of a cross between two first-generation organisms 
E) allele that is expressed no matter what other allele is present
F)allele that is expressed only if two identical copies are present
G)any organism with two identical copies of an allele
H)any organism with two different forms of an allele
I)F1 heterozygote (for a single trait)
J)genetic makeup of an organism
K)physical traits of an organism
L)likelihood of something occurring if the occurrence is a matter of chance
M)organism that is heterozygous for two different traits
N)where an allele is found on a chromosome
O)when one allele cannot completely mask the effects of another allele
P)alleles at one locus mask the expression of alleles at a different locus
Q)several different genes contribute to a particular phenotype
R)single allele has multiple phenotypic effects 
A) displayed traits are unchanged over multiple generations 
B) first generation of offspring from a parental cross 
C) true-breeding organisms used in the initial cross 
D) result of a cross between two first-generation organisms 
E) allele that is expressed no matter what other allele is present
F)allele that is expressed only if two identical copies are present
G)any organism with two identical copies of an allele
H)any organism with two different forms of an allele
I)F1 heterozygote (for a single trait)
J)genetic makeup of an organism
K)physical traits of an organism
L)likelihood of something occurring if the occurrence is a matter of chance
M)organism that is heterozygous for two different traits
N)where an allele is found on a chromosome
O)when one allele cannot completely mask the effects of another allele
P)alleles at one locus mask the expression of alleles at a different locus
Q)several different genes contribute to a particular phenotype
R)single allele has multiple phenotypic effects

Question 15

Why are dwarf pea plants shorter than other pea plants?

Accepted Answer

A) because they produce very little gibberellin hormone 
B) because they have an altered gibberellin amino acid sequence 
C) because the enzymes involved in gibberellin synthesis are missing 
D) because they cannot make any gibberellin 
A) because they produce very little gibberellin hormone 
B) because they have an altered gibberellin amino acid sequence 
C) because the enzymes involved in gibberellin synthesis are missing 
D) because they cannot make any gibberellin

Question 16

Match each term with its correct definition.
-phenotype

Accepted Answer

A) displayed traits are unchanged over multiple generations 
B) first generation of offspring from a parental cross 
C) true-breeding organisms used in the initial cross 
D) result of a cross between two first-generation organisms 
E) allele that is expressed no matter what other allele is present
F)allele that is expressed only if two identical copies are present
G)any organism with two identical copies of an allele
H)any organism with two different forms of an allele
I)F1 heterozygote (for a single trait)
J)genetic makeup of an organism
K)physical traits of an organism
L)likelihood of something occurring if the occurrence is a matter of chance
M)organism that is heterozygous for two different traits
N)where an allele is found on a chromosome
O)when one allele cannot completely mask the effects of another allele
P)alleles at one locus mask the expression of alleles at a different locus
Q)several different genes contribute to a particular phenotype
R)single allele has multiple phenotypic effects 
A) displayed traits are unchanged over multiple generations 
B) first generation of offspring from a parental cross 
C) true-breeding organisms used in the initial cross 
D) result of a cross between two first-generation organisms 
E) allele that is expressed no matter what other allele is present
F)allele that is expressed only if two identical copies are present
G)any organism with two identical copies of an allele
H)any organism with two different forms of an allele
I)F1 heterozygote (for a single trait)
J)genetic makeup of an organism
K)physical traits of an organism
L)likelihood of something occurring if the occurrence is a matter of chance
M)organism that is heterozygous for two different traits
N)where an allele is found on a chromosome
O)when one allele cannot completely mask the effects of another allele
P)alleles at one locus mask the expression of alleles at a different locus
Q)several different genes contribute to a particular phenotype
R)single allele has multiple phenotypic effects

Question 17

Match each term with its correct definition.
-F2 generation

Accepted Answer

A) displayed traits are unchanged over multiple generations 
B) first generation of offspring from a parental cross 
C) true-breeding organisms used in the initial cross 
D) result of a cross between two first-generation organisms 
E) allele that is expressed no matter what other allele is present
F)allele that is expressed only if two identical copies are present
G)any organism with two identical copies of an allele
H)any organism with two different forms of an allele
I)F1 heterozygote (for a single trait)
J)genetic makeup of an organism
K)physical traits of an organism
L)likelihood of something occurring if the occurrence is a matter of chance
M)organism that is heterozygous for two different traits
N)where an allele is found on a chromosome
O)when one allele cannot completely mask the effects of another allele
P)alleles at one locus mask the expression of alleles at a different locus
Q)several different genes contribute to a particular phenotype
R)single allele has multiple phenotypic effects 
A) displayed traits are unchanged over multiple generations 
B) first generation of offspring from a parental cross 
C) true-breeding organisms used in the initial cross 
D) result of a cross between two first-generation organisms 
E) allele that is expressed no matter what other allele is present
F)allele that is expressed only if two identical copies are present
G)any organism with two identical copies of an allele
H)any organism with two different forms of an allele
I)F1 heterozygote (for a single trait)
J)genetic makeup of an organism
K)physical traits of an organism
L)likelihood of something occurring if the occurrence is a matter of chance
M)organism that is heterozygous for two different traits
N)where an allele is found on a chromosome
O)when one allele cannot completely mask the effects of another allele
P)alleles at one locus mask the expression of alleles at a different locus
Q)several different genes contribute to a particular phenotype
R)single allele has multiple phenotypic effects

Question 18

Suppose that R is the dominant allele for a round pea, and r is the recessive allele for a wrinkled pea. Suppose also that you cross plants having round peas with plants having wrinkled peas. Which of the following is the most likely result?

Accepted Answer

A) The offspring will be neither round nor wrinkled. 
B) The offspring will be mostly wrinkled. 
C) The offspring will all be wrinkled. 
D) The offspring will all be round. 
A) The offspring will be neither round nor wrinkled. 
B) The offspring will be mostly wrinkled. 
C) The offspring will all be wrinkled. 
D) The offspring will all be round.

Question 19

Suppose that purple is dominant in pea plants. What will be the result of a cross between P generation purple and white plants?

Accepted Answer

A) all white flowers in the F1 generation 
B) all purple flowers in the F1 generation 
C) all purple flowers in the F1 generation, but a lighter purple than in the parents 
D) mostly purple flowers in the F1 generation, with an occasional white flower 
A) all white flowers in the F1 generation 
B) all purple flowers in the F1 generation 
C) all purple flowers in the F1 generation, but a lighter purple than in the parents 
D) mostly purple flowers in the F1 generation, with an occasional white flower

Question 20

Define epistasis and give an example.

Accepted Answer

Epistasis is where one set of genes will

Exam 10: Mendel, Genes, and Inheritance

Mendel studied what he called characters and traits. What terms do we use today that have the same meaning?

Suppose you have type A blood (genotype IAi). To whom can you safely donate blood?

Explain why Mendel's work was so groundbreaking.

Match each term with its correct definition. -incomplete dominance

Which of the following represents a testcross?

Suppose that at least one of your parents has Huntington's disease, which is caused by a dominant allele. What are the odds of you inheriting the disorder?

Which of the following mathematical expressions represents the product rule, leading to the conclusion that both event X and event Y are occurring?

Suppose that round is the dominant allele for a pea; the recessive allele produces a wrinkled pea. How can true-breeding pea plants having round peas be obtained with the least amount of work?

Suppose the pigmentation of a Labrador retriever's fur is subject to epistasis of the B alleles by the e alleles. B (black) is dominant over b (chocolate brown). E is dominant over

Mendel knew about and understood incomplete dominance.

Would meiosis, when it was discovered, have been understood without Mendel's work? Explain why or why not, using Mendel's three key findings about inheritance.

Which of the following mathematical expressions represents the sum rule, which can be used to determine the probability of either event X or event Y occurring if they CANNOT occur simultaneously? (In the equations below, Px means probability of event X; Py means probability of event Y.)

Match each term with its correct definition. -locus

Why are dwarf pea plants shorter than other pea plants?

Match each term with its correct definition. -phenotype

Match each term with its correct definition. -F2 generation

Suppose that R is the dominant allele for a round pea, and r is the recessive allele for a wrinkled pea. Suppose also that you cross plants having round peas with plants having wrinkled peas. Which of the following is the most likely result?

Suppose that purple is dominant in pea plants. What will be the result of a cross between P generation purple and white plants?

Define epistasis and give an example.

Light and Life

The Cell: an Overview

Defining Life and Its Origins

Energy and Enzymes

Cell Membranes and Signalling

Cellular Respiration

Photosynthesis

Cell Cycles

Genetic Recombination

Genes, Chromosomes, and Human Genetics

Dna Structure, Replication, and Organization

Gene Structure and Expression

Control of Gene Expression

Dna Technologies

Genomes and Proteomes

Evolution: the Development of the Theory

Microevolution: Changes Within Populations

Species and Macroevolution

Understanding the History of Life on Earth

Humans and Evolution

Bacteria and Archaea

Viruses, Viroids, and Prions: Infectious Biological Particles

Protists

Fungi

Plants

Diversity of Animals 1: Sponges, Radiata, Platyhelminthes, and Protostomes

Diversity of Animals 2: Deuterostomes: Vertebrates and Their Closest Relatives

Population Ecology

Population Interactions and Community Ecology

Ecosystems

Conservation of Biodiversity

Putting Selection to Work

Organization of the Plant Body

Transport in Plants

Reproduction and Development in Flowering Plants

Plant Nutrition

Plant Signals and Responses to the Environment

Introduction to Animal Organization and Physiology

Transport in Animals: the Circulatory System

Reproduction in Animals

Animal Development

Control of Animal Processes: Neural Control

Control of Animal Processes: Neural Control

Control of Animal Processes: Neural Integration

Muscles, Skeletons, and Body Movements

Animal Behaviour

Animal Nutrition

Gas Exchange: the Respiratory System

Regulating the Internal Environment

Defences Against Disease

Conservation and Evolutionary Physiology

Filters

Suppose you have type A blood (genotype I^Ai). To whom can you safely donate blood?

Which of the following mathematical expressions represents the sum rule, which can be used to determine the probability of either event X or event Y occurring if they CANNOT occur simultaneously? (In the equations below, P_x means probability of event X; P_y means probability of event Y.)

Match each term with its correct definition. -F₂ generation