Question 1

Kohlberg proposed that children's understanding of gender begins at approximately age _____ and is complete at approximately age _____.

Accepted Answer

A)  1; 4 
B)  2; 6 
C)  3; 6 
D)  2; 8 
A)  1; 4 
B)  2; 6 
C)  3; 6 
D)  2; 8

Question 2

With which assertion is social identity theory consistent?

Accepted Answer

A)  Boys are more likely than girls to endorse gender stereotypes. 
B)  Girls are more likely than boys to endorse gender stereotypes. 
C)  Boys and girls will endorse gender stereotypes to the same degree. 
D)  Girls and boys will rarely endorse gender stereotypes. 
A)  Boys are more likely than girls to endorse gender stereotypes. 
B)  Girls are more likely than boys to endorse gender stereotypes. 
C)  Boys and girls will endorse gender stereotypes to the same degree. 
D)  Girls and boys will rarely endorse gender stereotypes.

Question 3

A recent survey of more than 10 000 adolescents found that approximately _____ of boys and _____ of girls were dissatisfied with their body.

Accepted Answer

A)  one-tenth; half 
B)  one-quarter; one-third 
C)  one-third; half 
D)  half; two-thirds 
A)  one-tenth; half 
B)  one-quarter; one-third 
C)  one-third; half 
D)  half; two-thirds

Question 4

Which scenario is an example of enactive experience?

Accepted Answer

A)  Ty's dad helps him with his science homework. 
B)  Tristan notices that his teacher pays more attention to him when he gets angry than when he cries. 
C)  Emily's grandmother teaches her how to sew a button on a shirt. 
D)  Kaya watches her mother take care of her baby brother. 
A)  Ty's dad helps him with his science homework. 
B)  Tristan notices that his teacher pays more attention to him when he gets angry than when he cries. 
C)  Emily's grandmother teaches her how to sew a button on a shirt. 
D)  Kaya watches her mother take care of her baby brother.

Question 5

Social role theory emphasizes:

Accepted Answer

A)  the division of labour between men and women. 
B)  observational learning. 
C)  in-group assimilation. 
D)  the in-group/out-group schema. 
A)  the division of labour between men and women. 
B)  observational learning. 
C)  in-group assimilation. 
D)  the in-group/out-group schema.

Question 6

Research has indicated that Kohlberg was wrong about the:

Accepted Answer

A)  sequence of children's understanding of gender. 
B)  existence of the gender constancy stage. 
C)  association between gender understanding and the understanding of conservation. 
D)  None of the answers is correct. 
A)  sequence of children's understanding of gender. 
B)  existence of the gender constancy stage. 
C)  association between gender understanding and the understanding of conservation. 
D)  None of the answers is correct.

Question 7

Which type of aggression is more common among males than among females?

Accepted Answer

A)  direct aggression 
B)  relational aggression 
C)  indirect aggression 
D)  All of these types of aggression are more common among males. 
A)  direct aggression 
B)  relational aggression 
C)  indirect aggression 
D)  All of these types of aggression are more common among males.

Question 8

Children's tendency to seek out peers of their own sex and avoid peers of the opposite sex is referred to as gender:

Accepted Answer

A)  stereotyping. 
B)  segregation. 
C)  role development. 
D)  discrimination. 
A)  stereotyping. 
B)  segregation. 
C)  role development. 
D)  discrimination.

Question 9

Lacey has just finished watching a children's television show in Canada. What is the probability that the main character was female?

Accepted Answer

A)  6% 
B)  16% 
C)  36% 
D)  56% 
A)  6% 
B)  16% 
C)  36% 
D)  56%

Question 10

In-group assimilation refers to:

Accepted Answer

A)  the process whereby individuals are forced to conform to the group's norms. 
B)  the process whereby individuals are socialized to conform to the group's norms. 
C)  the tendency to evaluate what is associated with the in-group as inferior to that which is associated with the out-group. 
D)  the tendency to evaluate what is associated with the in-group as superior to that which is associated with the out-group. 
A)  the process whereby individuals are forced to conform to the group's norms. 
B)  the process whereby individuals are socialized to conform to the group's norms. 
C)  the tendency to evaluate what is associated with the in-group as inferior to that which is associated with the out-group. 
D)  the tendency to evaluate what is associated with the in-group as superior to that which is associated with the out-group.

Question 11

At what age do children begin to demonstrate preferences for gender-typed toys?

Accepted Answer

A)  1 year 
B)  2 years 
C)  3 years 
D)  4 years 
A)  1 year 
B)  2 years 
C)  3 years 
D)  4 years

Question 12

Kohlberg proposed that children learn about how to behave according to their gender because:

Accepted Answer

A)  they actively seek out same-sex models. 
B)  they are treated differently by parents and teachers based on their gender. 
C)  they spend more time with members of the same sex. 
D)  their brains are structured to attend more to gender-appropriate objects and activities. 
A)  they actively seek out same-sex models. 
B)  they are treated differently by parents and teachers based on their gender. 
C)  they spend more time with members of the same sex. 
D)  their brains are structured to attend more to gender-appropriate objects and activities.

Question 13

Kohlberg's cognitive developmental theory of gender-role development is particularly concerned with:

Accepted Answer

A)  how gender knowledge develops. 
B)  parents' differential reinforcement of gender-appropriate and -inappropriate behaviour. 
C)  biologically based sex differences. 
D)  the contexts in which girls and boys develop differently. 
A)  how gender knowledge develops. 
B)  parents' differential reinforcement of gender-appropriate and -inappropriate behaviour. 
C)  biologically based sex differences. 
D)  the contexts in which girls and boys develop differently.

Question 14

Which factor is LEAST likely to be related to differences between girls' and boys' intellectual capabilities?

Accepted Answer

A)  different societal messages regarding the gender appropriateness of particular domains 
B)  differences in brain size 
C)  peer socialization 
D)  parent socialization 
A)  different societal messages regarding the gender appropriateness of particular domains 
B)  differences in brain size 
C)  peer socialization 
D)  parent socialization

Question 15

Social cognitive theory focuses on the reciprocal causation among all of these factors EXCEPT:

Accepted Answer

A)  behavioural patterns. 
B)  biological factors. 
C)  personal factors. 
D)  environmental factors. 
A)  behavioural patterns. 
B)  biological factors. 
C)  personal factors. 
D)  environmental factors.

Question 16

According to the "social dosage effect":

Accepted Answer

A)  spending more time with same-gender peers predicts increases in gender-typed behaviour. 
B)  increases in gender-typed behaviour predict increases in amount of time spent with same-gender peers. 
C)  both of these predictions would hold. 
D)  neither of these predictions would hold. 
A)  spending more time with same-gender peers predicts increases in gender-typed behaviour. 
B)  increases in gender-typed behaviour predict increases in amount of time spent with same-gender peers. 
C)  both of these predictions would hold. 
D)  neither of these predictions would hold.

Question 17

Which factor was NOT found by Brown and Bigler to affect whether children recognize gender discrimination?

Accepted Answer

A)  how gender typed their own behaviour is 
B)  understanding cultural stereotypes 
C)  being able to make social comparisons 
D)  having a moral understanding of fairness and equity 
A)  how gender typed their own behaviour is 
B)  understanding cultural stereotypes 
C)  being able to make social comparisons 
D)  having a moral understanding of fairness and equity

Question 18

Heidi and Max consider themselves best friends. What stage of development is this female and male pair MOST likely in?

Accepted Answer

A)  preschool 
B)  early childhood 
C)  middle childhood 
D)  adolescence 
A)  preschool 
B)  early childhood 
C)  middle childhood 
D)  adolescence

Question 19

Which theory is particularly useful when interpreting variations across societies in women's and men's relative status and power?

Accepted Answer

A)  social role theory 
B)  social identity theory 
C)  cognitive developmental theory of gender-role development 
D)  biosocial theory 
A)  social role theory 
B)  social identity theory 
C)  cognitive developmental theory of gender-role development 
D)  biosocial theory

Question 20

Puberty is defined as the development of:

Accepted Answer

A)  the ability to reproduce. 
B)  menarche. 
C)  body image. 
D)  sexual attraction. 
A)  the ability to reproduce. 
B)  menarche. 
C)  body image. 
D)  sexual attraction.

Exam 15: Section 2: Gender Development

Kohlberg proposed that children's understanding of gender begins at approximately age _____ and is complete at approximately age _____.

With which assertion is social identity theory consistent?

A recent survey of more than 10 000 adolescents found that approximately _____ of boys and _____ of girls were dissatisfied with their body.

Which scenario is an example of enactive experience?

Social role theory emphasizes:

Research has indicated that Kohlberg was wrong about the:

Which type of aggression is more common among males than among females?

Children's tendency to seek out peers of their own sex and avoid peers of the opposite sex is referred to as gender:

Lacey has just finished watching a children's television show in Canada. What is the probability that the main character was female?

In-group assimilation refers to:

At what age do children begin to demonstrate preferences for gender-typed toys?

Kohlberg proposed that children learn about how to behave according to their gender because:

Kohlberg's cognitive developmental theory of gender-role development is particularly concerned with:

Which factor is LEAST likely to be related to differences between girls' and boys' intellectual capabilities?

Social cognitive theory focuses on the reciprocal causation among all of these factors EXCEPT:

According to the "social dosage effect":

Which factor was NOT found by Brown and Bigler to affect whether children recognize gender discrimination?

Heidi and Max consider themselves best friends. What stage of development is this female and male pair MOST likely in?

Which theory is particularly useful when interpreting variations across societies in women's and men's relative status and power?

Puberty is defined as the development of:

Section 1: An Introduction to Child Development

Section 2: An Introduction to Child Development

Section 1: Prenatal Development and the Newborn Period

Section 2: Prenatal Development and the Newborn Period

Section 1: Biology and Behavior

Section 2: Biology and Behavior

Section 1: Theories of Cognitive Development

Section 2: Theories of Cognitive Development

Seeing, Thinking, and Doing in Infancy

Development of Language and Symbol Use

Section 1: Conceptual Development

Section 2: Conceptual Development

Section 1: Intelligence and Academic Achievement

Section 2: Intelligence and Academic Achievement

Section 1: Theories of Social Development

Section 2: Theories of Social Development

Section 1: Emotional Development

Section 2: Emotional Development

Section 1: Attachment to Others and Development of Self

Section 2: Attachment to Others and Development of Self

Section 1: The Family

Section 2: The Family

Section 1: Peer Relationship

Section 2: Peer Relationship

Section 1: Moral Development

Section 2: Moral Development

Section 1: Gender Development

Section 1: Conclusions

Section 2: Conclusions

Filters

Kohlberg proposed that children's understanding of gender begins at approximately age _ and is complete at approximately age _.

A recent survey of more than 10 000 adolescents found that approximately _ of boys and _ of girls were dissatisfied with their body.