Question 1

Which statement demonstrates that parental sensitivity and secure attachment in children are causally related?

Accepted Answer

A)  Parents who respond to their children's cries quickly are more likely than other parents to have children with secure attachments. 
B)  Children who are temperamentally easy are more likely to have secure attachments to their caregivers. 
C)  Parents who are taught to be responsive to their irritable children are more likely than parents who are not taught this to have children who are securely attached. 
D)  Adults who were securely attached to their parents during their childhood are more likely than other adults to have children with secure attachments. 
A)  Parents who respond to their children's cries quickly are more likely than other parents to have children with secure attachments. 
B)  Children who are temperamentally easy are more likely to have secure attachments to their caregivers. 
C)  Parents who are taught to be responsive to their irritable children are more likely than parents who are not taught this to have children who are securely attached. 
D)  Adults who were securely attached to their parents during their childhood are more likely than other adults to have children with secure attachments.

Question 2

The group of individuals that is LEAST likely to achieve a coherent identity includes those:

Accepted Answer

A)  who have parents who emphasize autonomy. 
B)  whose parents exert psychological control. 
C)  who attend high-quality schools. 
D)  whose culture instructs them to set their own goals. 
A)  who have parents who emphasize autonomy. 
B)  whose parents exert psychological control. 
C)  who attend high-quality schools. 
D)  whose culture instructs them to set their own goals.

Question 3

Attachments are:

Accepted Answer

A)  enduring emotional bonds formed by children to their primary caregivers. 
B)  compulsive needs of children to hold security items, such as pacifiers and blankets. 
C)  connections between siblings that are maintained throughout the life span. 
D)  qualities that are central to one's identity. 
A)  enduring emotional bonds formed by children to their primary caregivers. 
B)  compulsive needs of children to hold security items, such as pacifiers and blankets. 
C)  connections between siblings that are maintained throughout the life span. 
D)  qualities that are central to one's identity.

Question 4

Separation anxiety is first exhibited in which of Bowlby's phases?

Accepted Answer

A)  reciprocal relationships 
B)  attachment-in-the-making 
C)  clear-cut attachment 
D)  preattachment 
A)  reciprocal relationships 
B)  attachment-in-the-making 
C)  clear-cut attachment 
D)  preattachment

Question 5

Erikson theorized that identity foreclosure takes place when identity:

Accepted Answer

A)  is based on little exploration of choices. 
B)  represents the opposite of what is valued by one's parents. 
C)  is in "time-out." 
D)  is diffused. 
A)  is based on little exploration of choices. 
B)  represents the opposite of what is valued by one's parents. 
C)  is in "time-out." 
D)  is diffused.

Question 6

Erikson theorized that a negative identity is one that:

Accepted Answer

A)  is based on little exploration of choices. 
B)  represents the opposite of what is valued by one's parents. 
C)  is in "time-out." 
D)  is focused on the expectation of few choices and a poor self-image. 
A)  is based on little exploration of choices. 
B)  represents the opposite of what is valued by one's parents. 
C)  is in "time-out." 
D)  is focused on the expectation of few choices and a poor self-image.

Question 7

Michael is an adolescent whose parents have always expected him to become a lawyer. Without considering any other options throughout high school or college, Michael applies to law school. Erikson would say Michael has made what type of identity choice?

Accepted Answer

A)  confusion 
B)  foreclosure 
C)  moratorium 
D)  achievement 
A)  confusion 
B)  foreclosure 
C)  moratorium 
D)  achievement

Question 8

Which attachment category is often associated with infants whose mothers exhibit abusive behaviour?

Accepted Answer

A)  insecure/resistant 
B)  secure 
C)  disorganized/distressed 
D)  insecure/avoidant 
A)  insecure/resistant 
B)  secure 
C)  disorganized/distressed 
D)  insecure/avoidant

Question 9

Which portion of the Strange Situation MOST indicates the quality of the attachment bond?

Accepted Answer

A)  separations from the caregiver 
B)  reunions with the caregiver 
C)  interactions with a stranger 
D)  contact with novel objects 
A)  separations from the caregiver 
B)  reunions with the caregiver 
C)  interactions with a stranger 
D)  contact with novel objects

Question 10

Which group of infants is typified by indifference toward the mother?

Accepted Answer

A)  disorganized/disoriented 
B)  insecure/resistant 
C)  secure 
D)  insecure/avoidant 
A)  disorganized/disoriented 
B)  insecure/resistant 
C)  secure 
D)  insecure/avoidant

Question 11

Which behaviour might be exhibited during the Strange Situation by an infant who is classified as disorganized/disoriented?

Accepted Answer

A)  displaying fearful smiles while approaching mother 
B)  demonstrating severe distress when mother leaves room 
C)  clinging to mother rather than playing with toys 
D)  all of these behaviours. 
A)  displaying fearful smiles while approaching mother 
B)  demonstrating severe distress when mother leaves room 
C)  clinging to mother rather than playing with toys 
D)  all of these behaviours.

Question 12

Which assertion is a true statement about the impact of peer, parental, and self standards on children's self-esteem?

Accepted Answer

A)  Over the course of childhood, peer acceptance becomes a progressively weaker effect on children's self-esteem. 
B)  In late childhood, children's feelings of competence are tied more closely to parental evaluations than to peer evaluations. 
C)  In adolescence, self-esteem becomes less and less tied to internalized standards. 
D)  Adolescents who base their self-evaluations on other's standards are at increased risk for psychological problems. 
A)  Over the course of childhood, peer acceptance becomes a progressively weaker effect on children's self-esteem. 
B)  In late childhood, children's feelings of competence are tied more closely to parental evaluations than to peer evaluations. 
C)  In adolescence, self-esteem becomes less and less tied to internalized standards. 
D)  Adolescents who base their self-evaluations on other's standards are at increased risk for psychological problems.

Question 13

Which parenting practice is associated with more mature identity formation?

Accepted Answer

A)  control 
B)  warmth 
C)  discouraging individuality 
D)  all of these 
A)  control 
B)  warmth 
C)  discouraging individuality 
D)  all of these

Question 14

Which parental characteristic is LEAST likely to be associated with high self-esteem in children?

Accepted Answer

A)  rigid 
B)  accepting 
C)  firm 
D)  involved 
A)  rigid 
B)  accepting 
C)  firm 
D)  involved

Question 15

Which assertion BEST describes Bowlby's view of the attachment process and the quality of infants' attachments?

Accepted Answer

A)  Both the attachment process and the quality of attachments are innate. 
B)  Both the attachment process and the quality of attachments are dependent on the nature of infants' experiences with caregivers. 
C)  The attachment process is dependent on the nature of infants' experiences with caregivers, but the quality of their attachments is innate. 
D)  The attachment process has an innate basis, but the quality of infants' attachments is dependent on the nature of their experiences with caregivers. 
A)  Both the attachment process and the quality of attachments are innate. 
B)  Both the attachment process and the quality of attachments are dependent on the nature of infants' experiences with caregivers. 
C)  The attachment process is dependent on the nature of infants' experiences with caregivers, but the quality of their attachments is innate. 
D)  The attachment process has an innate basis, but the quality of infants' attachments is dependent on the nature of their experiences with caregivers.

Question 16

Infants are typically equally comforted by all caregivers in which of Bowlby's phases?

Accepted Answer

A)  reciprocal relationships 
B)  attachment-in-the-making 
C)  clear-cut attachment 
D)  preattachment 
A)  reciprocal relationships 
B)  attachment-in-the-making 
C)  clear-cut attachment 
D)  preattachment

Question 17

The self refers to:

Accepted Answer

A)  one's physical appearance. 
B)  one's thoughts and attitudes about oneself. 
C)  one's personality and intelligence. 
D)  all of these traits. 
A)  one's physical appearance. 
B)  one's thoughts and attitudes about oneself. 
C)  one's personality and intelligence. 
D)  all of these traits.

Question 18

A longitudinal study that followed lesbian, bisexual, and unlabeled women aged 18 to 25 found that, over a 10-year period, approximately _____ changed their identity labels at least once over the course of the study.

Accepted Answer

A)  5% 
B)  25% 
C)  33% 
D)  67% 
A)  5% 
B)  25% 
C)  33% 
D)  67%

Question 19

As adolescents move into late adolescence, their sense of self is more likely to:

Accepted Answer

A)  place an emphasis on others' perceptions of them. 
B)  involve confusion about contradictions in the self. 
C)  reflect internalized values. 
D)  all of these. 
A)  place an emphasis on others' perceptions of them. 
B)  involve confusion about contradictions in the self. 
C)  reflect internalized values. 
D)  all of these.

Question 20

Which statement about self-esteem is NOT true?

Accepted Answer

A)  High self-esteem may have negative consequences for some individuals. 
B)  Low self-esteem is associated with being born to a teenage mother. 
C)  Low self-esteem predicts weak economic prospects. 
D)  Heredity contributes to self-esteem. 
A)  High self-esteem may have negative consequences for some individuals. 
B)  Low self-esteem is associated with being born to a teenage mother. 
C)  Low self-esteem predicts weak economic prospects. 
D)  Heredity contributes to self-esteem.

Exam 11: Section 2: Attachment to Others and Development of Self

Which statement demonstrates that parental sensitivity and secure attachment in children are causally related?

The group of individuals that is LEAST likely to achieve a coherent identity includes those:

Attachments are:

Separation anxiety is first exhibited in which of Bowlby's phases?

Erikson theorized that identity foreclosure takes place when identity:

Erikson theorized that a negative identity is one that:

Michael is an adolescent whose parents have always expected him to become a lawyer. Without considering any other options throughout high school or college, Michael applies to law school. Erikson would say Michael has made what type of identity choice?

Which attachment category is often associated with infants whose mothers exhibit abusive behaviour?

Which portion of the Strange Situation MOST indicates the quality of the attachment bond?

Which group of infants is typified by indifference toward the mother?

Which behaviour might be exhibited during the Strange Situation by an infant who is classified as disorganized/disoriented?

Which assertion is a true statement about the impact of peer, parental, and self standards on children's self-esteem?

Which parenting practice is associated with more mature identity formation?

Which parental characteristic is LEAST likely to be associated with high self-esteem in children?

Which assertion BEST describes Bowlby's view of the attachment process and the quality of infants' attachments?

Infants are typically equally comforted by all caregivers in which of Bowlby's phases?

The self refers to:

A longitudinal study that followed lesbian, bisexual, and unlabeled women aged 18 to 25 found that, over a 10-year period, approximately _____ changed their identity labels at least once over the course of the study.

As adolescents move into late adolescence, their sense of self is more likely to:

Which statement about self-esteem is NOT true?

Section 1: An Introduction to Child Development

Section 2: An Introduction to Child Development

Section 1: Prenatal Development and the Newborn Period

Section 2: Prenatal Development and the Newborn Period

Section 1: Biology and Behavior

Section 2: Biology and Behavior

Section 1: Theories of Cognitive Development

Section 2: Theories of Cognitive Development

Seeing, Thinking, and Doing in Infancy

Development of Language and Symbol Use

Section 1: Conceptual Development

Section 2: Conceptual Development

Section 1: Intelligence and Academic Achievement

Section 2: Intelligence and Academic Achievement

Section 1: Theories of Social Development

Section 2: Theories of Social Development

Section 1: Emotional Development

Section 2: Emotional Development

Section 1: Attachment to Others and Development of Self

Section 1: The Family

Section 2: The Family

Section 1: Peer Relationship

Section 2: Peer Relationship

Section 1: Moral Development

Section 2: Moral Development

Section 1: Gender Development

Section 2: Gender Development

Section 1: Conclusions

Section 2: Conclusions

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