Question 1

Which list presents Bowlby's phases in the correct developmental sequence?

Accepted Answer

A)  attachment-in-the-making, preattachment, clear-cut attachment, reciprocal relationships 
B)  preattachment, reciprocal relationships, attachment-in-the-making, clear-cut attachment 
C)  reciprocal relationships, attachment-in-the-making, preattachment, clear-cut attachment 
D)  preattachment, attachment-in-the-making, clear-cut attachment, reciprocal relationships 
A)  attachment-in-the-making, preattachment, clear-cut attachment, reciprocal relationships 
B)  preattachment, reciprocal relationships, attachment-in-the-making, clear-cut attachment 
C)  reciprocal relationships, attachment-in-the-making, preattachment, clear-cut attachment 
D)  preattachment, attachment-in-the-making, clear-cut attachment, reciprocal relationships

Question 2

According to Erikson, adolescents who have an incomplete and incoherent sense of self have identity:

Accepted Answer

A)  foreclosure. 
B)  moratorium. 
C)  diffusion. 
D)  confusion. 
A)  foreclosure. 
B)  moratorium. 
C)  diffusion. 
D)  confusion.

Question 3

When asked to describe himself, Marcus says, "I have a lot of friends because I am fun to be with and I stand up for my friends. I am pretty smart in reading, but I feel kind of dumb in science because all of the other kids get better grades on their tests than I do. Even though I don't study as much as I should, and I am not as fast a runner as the other kids, other kids like me and I like myself." Marcus is MOST likely to be how old?

Accepted Answer

A)  3 years old 
B)  7 years old 
C)  10 years old 
D)  14 years old 
A)  3 years old 
B)  7 years old 
C)  10 years old 
D)  14 years old

Question 4

Mary Ainsworth's observations of families in Uganda and in the United States led her to the conclusion that information about infants' attachments to their caregivers can be obtained from observations of infants':

Accepted Answer

A)  smiling directed at their caregivers. 
B)  verbal and nonverbal communication with their caregivers. 
C)  reactions to separations from their caregivers. 
D)  crying in the presence of their caregivers. 
A)  smiling directed at their caregivers. 
B)  verbal and nonverbal communication with their caregivers. 
C)  reactions to separations from their caregivers. 
D)  crying in the presence of their caregivers.

Question 5

Children's understanding that they will always be members of their ethnic group is referred to as ethnic:

Accepted Answer

A)  identity foreclosure. 
B)  -role behaviours. 
C)  constancy. 
D)  rigidity. 
A)  identity foreclosure. 
B)  -role behaviours. 
C)  constancy. 
D)  rigidity.

Question 6

When Baby Joseph cries, he is easily comforted by his mother. He is comforted just as easily by his father, his grandparents, and his babysitter, as well as by strangers. Bowlby would consider Joseph to be in which phase of the development of attachment?

Accepted Answer

A)  attachment-in-the-making 
B)  disorganized/disoriented 
C)  reciprocal relationships 
D)  preattachment 
A)  attachment-in-the-making 
B)  disorganized/disoriented 
C)  reciprocal relationships 
D)  preattachment

Question 7

Parents who will be MOST likely to have children with poor self-esteem are those who regularly discipline their children with comments such as:

Accepted Answer

A)  "You are so irresponsible." 
B)  "You should not have done that." 
C)  "That was an irresponsible thing to do." 
D)  "You need to be much more careful next time." 
A)  "You are so irresponsible." 
B)  "You should not have done that." 
C)  "That was an irresponsible thing to do." 
D)  "You need to be much more careful next time."

Question 8

Dejan is a Serbian Canadian adolescent who has not examined his ethnicity and is not particularly interested in it. Dejan is in which phase of ethnic-identity development?

Accepted Answer

A)  bicultural identity 
B)  ethnic-identity achievement 
C)  ethnic-identity search/moratorium 
D)  ethnic-identity diffusion/foreclosure 
A)  bicultural identity 
B)  ethnic-identity achievement 
C)  ethnic-identity search/moratorium 
D)  ethnic-identity diffusion/foreclosure

Question 9

Mary Ainsworth concluded that the quality of infant attachments can be determined by looking at:

Accepted Answer

A)  infant reactions to separations from the caregiver and the infant's use of the caregiver as a secure base. 
B)  infant smiling directed at the caregiver and caregiver nonverbal communication toward the infant. 
C)  mutual verbal and nonverbal communication between the infant and the caregiver. 
D)  the infant's use of the caregiver as a secure base and smiling versus crying in the presence of the caregiver. 
A)  infant reactions to separations from the caregiver and the infant's use of the caregiver as a secure base. 
B)  infant smiling directed at the caregiver and caregiver nonverbal communication toward the infant. 
C)  mutual verbal and nonverbal communication between the infant and the caregiver. 
D)  the infant's use of the caregiver as a secure base and smiling versus crying in the presence of the caregiver.

Question 10

In regard to culture and self-esteem, scores on measures of self-esteem:

Accepted Answer

A)  do not differ across cultures. 
B)  differ across cultures because there are genetic differences in the average level of self-esteem in different cultures. 
C)  differ across cultures because there are differences in the meaning of self-esteem in different cultures. 
D)  differ across cultures because there are differences in the meaning of self-esteem and self-criticism in different cultures. 
A)  do not differ across cultures. 
B)  differ across cultures because there are genetic differences in the average level of self-esteem in different cultures. 
C)  differ across cultures because there are differences in the meaning of self-esteem in different cultures. 
D)  differ across cultures because there are differences in the meaning of self-esteem and self-criticism in different cultures.

Question 11

Among adolescents, _____ is NOT associated with lower self-esteem.

Accepted Answer

A)  living in urban poverty 
B)  living in violent neighborhoods 
C)  making the transition from elementary school to junior high school 
D)  being African-American 
A)  living in urban poverty 
B)  living in violent neighborhoods 
C)  making the transition from elementary school to junior high school 
D)  being African-American

Question 12

Hina is a young adolescent. If asked to describe herself, which statement is she LEAST likely to say?

Accepted Answer

A)  "I just don't understand why sometimes I am so nice and other times I am so mean." 
B)  "I don't have that many friends." 
C)  "I have more friends than Kate because she isn't as nice a person as I am." 
D)  "I can be a real introvert sometimes." 
A)  "I just don't understand why sometimes I am so nice and other times I am so mean." 
B)  "I don't have that many friends." 
C)  "I have more friends than Kate because she isn't as nice a person as I am." 
D)  "I can be a real introvert sometimes."

Question 13

The ethnic identity component referred to as ethnic knowledge involves:

Accepted Answer

A)  understanding the behaviours, traits, customs, and so on that distinguish one's ethnic group. 
B)  engaging in the behaviours that reflect the distinguishing characteristics of one's ethnic group. 
C)  understanding that one will always be a member of one's ethnic group. 
D)  labeling oneself as a member of one's ethnic group. 
A)  understanding the behaviours, traits, customs, and so on that distinguish one's ethnic group. 
B)  engaging in the behaviours that reflect the distinguishing characteristics of one's ethnic group. 
C)  understanding that one will always be a member of one's ethnic group. 
D)  labeling oneself as a member of one's ethnic group.

Question 14

By what age is a rudimentary sense of self evident?

Accepted Answer

A)  2 to 4 months 
B)  7 to 8 months 
C)  12 to 14 months 
D)  18 to 20 months 
A)  2 to 4 months 
B)  7 to 8 months 
C)  12 to 14 months 
D)  18 to 20 months

Question 15

Identity diffusion refers to individuals who:

Accepted Answer

A)  have achieved a coherent and consolidated identity. 
B)  are not making progress toward making commitments. 
C)  have established an identity based on the choices of their parents. 
D)  are exploring various choices, but have not yet made commitments to them. 
A)  have achieved a coherent and consolidated identity. 
B)  are not making progress toward making commitments. 
C)  have established an identity based on the choices of their parents. 
D)  are exploring various choices, but have not yet made commitments to them.

Question 16

When the presence of a trusted caregiver provides an infant or toddler with the ability to explore the environment, the child is using the caregiver as a:

Accepted Answer

A)  security object. 
B)  dependent attachment figure. 
C)  secure base. 
D)  working model. 
A)  security object. 
B)  dependent attachment figure. 
C)  secure base. 
D)  working model.

Question 17

Which statement about sexual-minority youth is NOT true?

Accepted Answer

A)  Poor outcomes for sexual-minority youth are likely more attributable to being victimized and harassed than to the same-sex attraction itself. 
B)  Sexual-minority youth have higher reported rates of attempted suicide than do heterosexual youth. 
C)  Sexual-minority youth and heterosexual youth tend to have the same level of feelings of control in their romantic relationships. 
D)  Having sexual-minority friends is considered an important source of social support for sexual-minority youth. 
A)  Poor outcomes for sexual-minority youth are likely more attributable to being victimized and harassed than to the same-sex attraction itself. 
B)  Sexual-minority youth have higher reported rates of attempted suicide than do heterosexual youth. 
C)  Sexual-minority youth and heterosexual youth tend to have the same level of feelings of control in their romantic relationships. 
D)  Having sexual-minority friends is considered an important source of social support for sexual-minority youth.

Question 18

The majority of infants in Canada fall into which attachment category?

Accepted Answer

A)  insecure/avoidant 
B)  disorganized/disoriented 
C)  secure 
D)  insecure/resistant 
A)  insecure/avoidant 
B)  disorganized/disoriented 
C)  secure 
D)  insecure/resistant

Question 19

_____ is(are) used to test whether toddlers have a sense of self.

Accepted Answer

A)  The Strange Situation 
B)  Children's reactions when their own arm movements control movement of a mobile 
C)  Placing rouge on child's face before placing the child in front of a mirror 
D)  All of these 
A)  The Strange Situation 
B)  Children's reactions when their own arm movements control movement of a mobile 
C)  Placing rouge on child's face before placing the child in front of a mirror 
D)  All of these

Question 20

Which action is NOT part of the Strange Situation?

Accepted Answer

A)  separations from the caregiver 
B)  reunions with the caregiver 
C)  interactions with a stranger 
D)  contact with novel, scary objects 
A)  separations from the caregiver 
B)  reunions with the caregiver 
C)  interactions with a stranger 
D)  contact with novel, scary objects

Exam 11: Section 2: Attachment to Others and Development of Self

Which list presents Bowlby's phases in the correct developmental sequence?

According to Erikson, adolescents who have an incomplete and incoherent sense of self have identity:

Mary Ainsworth's observations of families in Uganda and in the United States led her to the conclusion that information about infants' attachments to their caregivers can be obtained from observations of infants':

Children's understanding that they will always be members of their ethnic group is referred to as ethnic:

When Baby Joseph cries, he is easily comforted by his mother. He is comforted just as easily by his father, his grandparents, and his babysitter, as well as by strangers. Bowlby would consider Joseph to be in which phase of the development of attachment?

Parents who will be MOST likely to have children with poor self-esteem are those who regularly discipline their children with comments such as:

Dejan is a Serbian Canadian adolescent who has not examined his ethnicity and is not particularly interested in it. Dejan is in which phase of ethnic-identity development?

Mary Ainsworth concluded that the quality of infant attachments can be determined by looking at:

In regard to culture and self-esteem, scores on measures of self-esteem:

Among adolescents, _____ is NOT associated with lower self-esteem.

Hina is a young adolescent. If asked to describe herself, which statement is she LEAST likely to say?

The ethnic identity component referred to as ethnic knowledge involves:

By what age is a rudimentary sense of self evident?

Identity diffusion refers to individuals who:

When the presence of a trusted caregiver provides an infant or toddler with the ability to explore the environment, the child is using the caregiver as a:

Which statement about sexual-minority youth is NOT true?

The majority of infants in Canada fall into which attachment category?

_____ is(are) used to test whether toddlers have a sense of self.

Which action is NOT part of the Strange Situation?

Section 1: An Introduction to Child Development

Section 2: An Introduction to Child Development

Section 1: Prenatal Development and the Newborn Period

Section 2: Prenatal Development and the Newborn Period

Section 1: Biology and Behavior

Section 2: Biology and Behavior

Section 1: Theories of Cognitive Development

Section 2: Theories of Cognitive Development

Seeing, Thinking, and Doing in Infancy

Development of Language and Symbol Use

Section 1: Conceptual Development

Section 2: Conceptual Development

Section 1: Intelligence and Academic Achievement

Section 2: Intelligence and Academic Achievement

Section 1: Theories of Social Development

Section 2: Theories of Social Development

Section 1: Emotional Development

Section 2: Emotional Development

Section 1: Attachment to Others and Development of Self

Section 1: The Family

Section 2: The Family

Section 1: Peer Relationship

Section 2: Peer Relationship

Section 1: Moral Development

Section 2: Moral Development

Section 1: Gender Development

Section 2: Gender Development

Section 1: Conclusions

Section 2: Conclusions

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