Question 1

Which type of design compares the behaviour of groups of children who are of different ages?

Accepted Answer

A)  microgenetic 
B)  cross-sectional 
C)  landscape 
D)  longitudinal 
A)  microgenetic 
B)  cross-sectional 
C)  landscape 
D)  longitudinal

Question 2

What was demonstrated by the study on toddlers' play behaviours in which the TV show Jeopardy! was being shown in the room while the children were playing?

Accepted Answer

A)  Toddlers' play behaviour is unaffected by background exposure to TV. 
B)  Toddlers are likely to choose to watch TV rather than playing, even when the toys are interesting. 
C)  Background exposure to TV is disruptive to toddlers even if they watch little of the show. 
D)  Toddlers are able to learn from TV if the items in the room are compatible with the content of the TV show. 
A)  Toddlers' play behaviour is unaffected by background exposure to TV. 
B)  Toddlers are likely to choose to watch TV rather than playing, even when the toys are interesting. 
C)  Background exposure to TV is disruptive to toddlers even if they watch little of the show. 
D)  Toddlers are able to learn from TV if the items in the room are compatible with the content of the TV show.

Question 3

Which piece of evidence provides the MOST support for the influence of the interaction between nature and nurture on the development of empathy?

Accepted Answer

A)  Children who grow up with caring and altruistic parents are more likely than other children to be empathetic. 
B)  In comparison with other adopted children, the only children who show high levels of empathy are those whose biological parents are empathetic and who grow up with caring and altruistic parents. 
C)  Children whose biological parents are empathetic are more likely than other children to be empathetic, even when adopted as infants. 
D)  There is no evidence in the research on the interaction between nature and nurture in the development of empathy. 
A)  Children who grow up with caring and altruistic parents are more likely than other children to be empathetic. 
B)  In comparison with other adopted children, the only children who show high levels of empathy are those whose biological parents are empathetic and who grow up with caring and altruistic parents. 
C)  Children whose biological parents are empathetic are more likely than other children to be empathetic, even when adopted as infants. 
D)  There is no evidence in the research on the interaction between nature and nurture in the development of empathy.

Question 4

Variables A and B are positively correlated, indicating that as the level of A _____, the level of B _____.

Accepted Answer

A)  increases; decreases 
B)  increases; stays the same 
C)  decreases; decreases 
D)  decreases; stays the same 
A)  increases; decreases 
B)  increases; stays the same 
C)  decreases; decreases 
D)  decreases; stays the same

Question 5

Who developed the "baby biography"?

Accepted Answer

A)  Darwin 
B)  Locke 
C)  Freud 
D)  Watson 
A)  Darwin 
B)  Locke 
C)  Freud 
D)  Watson

Question 6

Variables X and Y are negatively correlated, indicating that as the level of X increases, the level of Y _____, and as the level of X decreases, the level of Y _____.

Accepted Answer

A)  increases; increases 
B)  increases; decreases 
C)  decreases; increases 
D)  decreases; decreases 
A)  increases; increases 
B)  increases; decreases 
C)  decreases; increases 
D)  decreases; decreases

Question 7

Which factor is the greatest obstacle to poor children's chances of successful development?

Accepted Answer

A)  accumulation of various disadvantages 
B)  growing up in a single-parent home or without biological parents 
C)  lack of parental involvement in their schooling 
D)  genetic disadvantages 
A)  accumulation of various disadvantages 
B)  growing up in a single-parent home or without biological parents 
C)  lack of parental involvement in their schooling 
D)  genetic disadvantages

Question 8

Freud based his theory of child development in large part on:

Accepted Answer

A)  analysis of dreams and childhood memories. 
B)  a systematic daily diary of a single child's growth. 
C)  experiments of the effects of reward and punishment on rats and other animals. 
D)  study of children working in coal mines. 
A)  analysis of dreams and childhood memories. 
B)  a systematic daily diary of a single child's growth. 
C)  experiments of the effects of reward and punishment on rats and other animals. 
D)  study of children working in coal mines.

Question 9

In a study of adopted children, the finding that the only children who had a considerable likelihood of developing schizophrenia were those who had a biological parent with schizophrenia and who were also adopted into a troubled home is evidence of the:

Accepted Answer

A)  influence of nature. 
B)  influence of nurture. 
C)  interaction of nature and nurture. 
D)  random variability in the population. 
A)  influence of nature. 
B)  influence of nurture. 
C)  interaction of nature and nurture. 
D)  random variability in the population.

Question 10

Which statement about the study on the development of popularity discussed in the text is true?

Accepted Answer

A)  The microgenetic design allowed for conclusions to be made about age-related changes in popularity. 
B)  The cross-sectional design allowed for age-related differences among children in popularity to be examined. 
C)  The longitudinal design allowed for the investigation of how changes in popularity occur. 
D)  The longitudinal design allowed for the stability of individual differences to be examined. 
A)  The microgenetic design allowed for conclusions to be made about age-related changes in popularity. 
B)  The cross-sectional design allowed for age-related differences among children in popularity to be examined. 
C)  The longitudinal design allowed for the investigation of how changes in popularity occur. 
D)  The longitudinal design allowed for the stability of individual differences to be examined.

Question 11

Of the following statements, which is the MOST likely conclusion from Werner's Kauai study?

Accepted Answer

A)  Children with prenatal or birth complications nearly always have later difficulties regardless of experience. 
B)  Adverse family circumstances prevent normal development. 
C)  Even when one knows both the birth circumstances and the family circumstances of children, one cannot fully predict how they will develop. 
D)  Experience clearly outweighs prenatal and birth circumstances in determining development. 
A)  Children with prenatal or birth complications nearly always have later difficulties regardless of experience. 
B)  Adverse family circumstances prevent normal development. 
C)  Even when one knows both the birth circumstances and the family circumstances of children, one cannot fully predict how they will develop. 
D)  Experience clearly outweighs prenatal and birth circumstances in determining development.

Question 12

The finding that children born to a parent with schizophrenia who are adopted as infants by parents without schizophrenia are more likely than other children to develop schizophrenia themselves is evidence of the:

Accepted Answer

A)  influence of nature. 
B)  influence of nurture. 
C)  interaction of nature and nurture. 
D)  random variability in the population. 
A)  influence of nature. 
B)  influence of nurture. 
C)  interaction of nature and nurture. 
D)  random variability in the population.

Question 13

The external validity of a measure involves the extent to which:

Accepted Answer

A)  the effects of an experiment are truly due to conditions the researcher intended to manipulate. 
B)  different observers of the same behaviour agree. 
C)  the results of a study will hold when studies are conducted with different participants and methods. 
D)  none of these is the case. 
A)  the effects of an experiment are truly due to conditions the researcher intended to manipulate. 
B)  different observers of the same behaviour agree. 
C)  the results of a study will hold when studies are conducted with different participants and methods. 
D)  none of these is the case.

Question 14

Of Aristotle, Locke, and Plato, which philosopher(s) believed that all knowledge comes from experience, meaning that infants are born without innate knowledge?

Accepted Answer

A)  Locke only 
B)  Plato only 
C)  Aristotle and Locke only 
D)  Plato and Aristotle only 
A)  Locke only 
B)  Plato only 
C)  Aristotle and Locke only 
D)  Plato and Aristotle only

Question 15

Which of Scarr's factors is BEST related to the theme of the "active" child?

Accepted Answer

A)  genetic differences 
B)  different choices of environment 
C)  differences in treatment by parents and others 
D)  different reactions to similar experiences 
A)  genetic differences 
B)  different choices of environment 
C)  differences in treatment by parents and others 
D)  different reactions to similar experiences

Question 16

Which piece of evidence provides the MOST support for the influence of nurture on the development of empathy?

Accepted Answer

A)  In comparison with other adopted children, the only children who show high levels of empathy are those whose biological parents are empathetic and who grow up with caring and altruistic parents. 
B)  Children who grow up with caring and altruistic parents are more likely than other children to be empathetic, even when adopted into the family as infants. 
C)  Children whose biological parents are empathetic are more likely than other children to be empathetic, even when adopted as infants. 
D)  There is no association between parents' characteristics and children's empathy. 
A)  In comparison with other adopted children, the only children who show high levels of empathy are those whose biological parents are empathetic and who grow up with caring and altruistic parents. 
B)  Children who grow up with caring and altruistic parents are more likely than other children to be empathetic, even when adopted into the family as infants. 
C)  Children whose biological parents are empathetic are more likely than other children to be empathetic, even when adopted as infants. 
D)  There is no association between parents' characteristics and children's empathy.

Question 17

The possibility that the correlation between two variables may actually be the result of an additional unspecified attribute is referred to as the _____ problem.

Accepted Answer

A)  insufficient-variable 
B)  third-variable 
C)  experimental-design 
D)  direction-of-causation 
A)  insufficient-variable 
B)  third-variable 
C)  experimental-design 
D)  direction-of-causation

Question 18

The study in which 6-year-old children were presented with a 5-day training program designed to improve effortful attention demonstrated that experience can:

Accepted Answer

A)  improve intelligence test scores but not brain processes. 
B)  change brain processes but not intelligence test scores. 
C)  improve both intelligence test scores and brain processes. 
D)  change neither intelligence test scores nor brain processes. 
A)  improve intelligence test scores but not brain processes. 
B)  change brain processes but not intelligence test scores. 
C)  improve both intelligence test scores and brain processes. 
D)  change neither intelligence test scores nor brain processes.

Question 19

The term reliability does NOT refer to the:

Accepted Answer

A)  consistency of measurements. 
B)  similarity in results when a variable is measured at two different time points. 
C)  ability to generalize measurements. 
D)  level of agreement in observations by different observers. 
A)  consistency of measurements. 
B)  similarity in results when a variable is measured at two different time points. 
C)  ability to generalize measurements. 
D)  level of agreement in observations by different observers.

Question 20

Siegler and Jenkins's examination of the development of the counting-on strategy is an example of _____ design.

Accepted Answer

A)  longitudinal 
B)  cross-sectional 
C)  experimental 
D)  microgenetic 
A)  longitudinal 
B)  cross-sectional 
C)  experimental 
D)  microgenetic

Exam 1: Section 2: An Introduction to Child Development

Which type of design compares the behaviour of groups of children who are of different ages?

What was demonstrated by the study on toddlers' play behaviours in which the TV show Jeopardy! was being shown in the room while the children were playing?

Which piece of evidence provides the MOST support for the influence of the interaction between nature and nurture on the development of empathy?

Variables A and B are positively correlated, indicating that as the level of A _____, the level of B _____.

Who developed the "baby biography"?

Variables X and Y are negatively correlated, indicating that as the level of X increases, the level of Y _____, and as the level of X decreases, the level of Y _____.

Which factor is the greatest obstacle to poor children's chances of successful development?

Freud based his theory of child development in large part on:

In a study of adopted children, the finding that the only children who had a considerable likelihood of developing schizophrenia were those who had a biological parent with schizophrenia and who were also adopted into a troubled home is evidence of the:

Which statement about the study on the development of popularity discussed in the text is true?

Of the following statements, which is the MOST likely conclusion from Werner's Kauai study?

The finding that children born to a parent with schizophrenia who are adopted as infants by parents without schizophrenia are more likely than other children to develop schizophrenia themselves is evidence of the:

The external validity of a measure involves the extent to which:

Of Aristotle, Locke, and Plato, which philosopher(s) believed that all knowledge comes from experience, meaning that infants are born without innate knowledge?

Which of Scarr's factors is BEST related to the theme of the "active" child?

Which piece of evidence provides the MOST support for the influence of nurture on the development of empathy?

The possibility that the correlation between two variables may actually be the result of an additional unspecified attribute is referred to as the _____ problem.

The study in which 6-year-old children were presented with a 5-day training program designed to improve effortful attention demonstrated that experience can:

The term reliability does NOT refer to the:

Siegler and Jenkins's examination of the development of the counting-on strategy is an example of _____ design.

Section 1: An Introduction to Child Development

Section 1: Prenatal Development and the Newborn Period

Section 2: Prenatal Development and the Newborn Period

Section 1: Biology and Behavior

Section 2: Biology and Behavior

Section 1: Theories of Cognitive Development

Section 2: Theories of Cognitive Development

Seeing, Thinking, and Doing in Infancy

Development of Language and Symbol Use

Section 1: Conceptual Development

Section 2: Conceptual Development

Section 1: Intelligence and Academic Achievement

Section 2: Intelligence and Academic Achievement

Section 1: Theories of Social Development

Section 2: Theories of Social Development

Section 1: Emotional Development

Section 2: Emotional Development

Section 1: Attachment to Others and Development of Self

Section 2: Attachment to Others and Development of Self

Section 1: The Family

Section 2: The Family

Section 1: Peer Relationship

Section 2: Peer Relationship

Section 1: Moral Development

Section 2: Moral Development

Section 1: Gender Development

Section 2: Gender Development

Section 1: Conclusions

Section 2: Conclusions

Filters

Variables A and B are positively correlated, indicating that as the level of A _, the level of B _.

Variables X and Y are negatively correlated, indicating that as the level of X increases, the level of Y _, and as the level of X decreases, the level of Y _.