Question 1

Which statement BEST characterizes the results of research on children from Romanian orphanages?

Accepted Answer

A)  Positive experiences in later childhood cannot counteract the effect of negative early childhood experiences. 
B)  Positive experiences in later childhood counteract the effect of negative early childhood experiences. 
C)  The impact of positive experiences on children's resiliency depends on the timing and extent of the neglect. 
D)  Neglect in infancy always has severe and lasting consequences. 
A)  Positive experiences in later childhood cannot counteract the effect of negative early childhood experiences. 
B)  Positive experiences in later childhood counteract the effect of negative early childhood experiences. 
C)  The impact of positive experiences on children's resiliency depends on the timing and extent of the neglect. 
D)  Neglect in infancy always has severe and lasting consequences.

Question 2

Which statement is NOT part of the logic of experimental designs?

Accepted Answer

A)  Two or more groups of participants vary on one or more variables at the outset. 
B)  The participants within one group are given an experience that differs in only one way from the experience given to participants in the other group. 
C)  The participants in different groups behave differently after the experiences. 
D)  The different experiences are concluded to have caused the subsequent difference in behaviour. 
A)  Two or more groups of participants vary on one or more variables at the outset. 
B)  The participants within one group are given an experience that differs in only one way from the experience given to participants in the other group. 
C)  The participants in different groups behave differently after the experiences. 
D)  The different experiences are concluded to have caused the subsequent difference in behaviour.

Question 3

Naturalistic observation would probably be the method of choice for a researcher interested in which topic?

Accepted Answer

A)  toddlers' responses to their parents' encouragement to touch a dangerous object 
B)  frequency of bullying behaviour among schoolchildren 
C)  beliefs of children in an elementary school class about how smart their classmates are 
D)  a single child's feelings about his friendships 
A)  toddlers' responses to their parents' encouragement to touch a dangerous object 
B)  frequency of bullying behaviour among schoolchildren 
C)  beliefs of children in an elementary school class about how smart their classmates are 
D)  a single child's feelings about his friendships

Question 4

One of the earliest examples of research conducted for the benefit of children was:

Accepted Answer

A)  Watson's experiments on the effects of reward and punishment. 
B)  the Earl of Shaftesbury's effort to reform child labour practices. 
C)  Freud's dream analysis. 
D)  Locke's advocacy of early discipline and later freedom. 
A)  Watson's experiments on the effects of reward and punishment. 
B)  the Earl of Shaftesbury's effort to reform child labour practices. 
C)  Freud's dream analysis. 
D)  Locke's advocacy of early discipline and later freedom.

Question 5

A psychologist is interested in 4-year-old Jacob's knowledge of the differences between animals and vehicles. The psychologist gives Jacob a multiple-choice picture test in which he must write the letter of the correct answer on a separate answer sheet. However, Jacob has trouble identifying and writing some letters. On two separate occasions, Jacob receives the same score on the test. This method has _____ validity and _____ reliability.

Accepted Answer

A)  good; good 
B)  good; poor 
C)  poor; good 
D)  poor; poor 
A)  good; good 
B)  good; poor 
C)  poor; good 
D)  poor; poor

Question 6

Variables U and W have a correlation of -.86. If it is known that Keira has a low score on U, which statement would be the BEST prediction about her score on W?

Accepted Answer

A)  Keira is likely to have a high score on W. 
B)  Keira is likely to have a low score on W. 
C)  Keira's score on W is likely to be higher than her score on U. 
D)  Keira's score on W cannot be predicted from her score on U. 
A)  Keira is likely to have a high score on W. 
B)  Keira is likely to have a low score on W. 
C)  Keira's score on W is likely to be higher than her score on U. 
D)  Keira's score on W cannot be predicted from her score on U.

Question 7

Approximately what percentage of Canadian children who live in a single-parent home headed by a woman are classified as coming from a low-income family?

Accepted Answer

A)  5% 
B)  8% 
C)  10% 
D)  22% 
A)  5% 
B)  8% 
C)  10% 
D)  22%

Question 8

Which statement about naturalistic observation is NOT true?

Accepted Answer

A)  Researchers try not to influence the behaviours of the individuals they are observing. 
B)  Researchers must ensure that the effects they observe are due to the variables they intentionally manipulated. 
C)  Obtaining sufficient interrater reliability is important. 
D)  The principal objective is to observe how people act in their usual surroundings. 
A)  Researchers try not to influence the behaviours of the individuals they are observing. 
B)  Researchers must ensure that the effects they observe are due to the variables they intentionally manipulated. 
C)  Obtaining sufficient interrater reliability is important. 
D)  The principal objective is to observe how people act in their usual surroundings.

Question 9

Which statement reflects what the textbook maintains is the BEST answer to the question of whether development is fundamentally continuous or discontinuous?

Accepted Answer

A)  Development is fundamentally continuous. 
B)  Development is fundamentally discontinuous. 
C)  Some domains of development, such as cognitive development, are fundamentally discontinuous, whereas other domains, such as social development, are fundamentally continuous. 
D)  Whether development is fundamentally continuous or discontinuous depends on perspective-how development is examined as well as how often it is examined. 
A)  Development is fundamentally continuous. 
B)  Development is fundamentally discontinuous. 
C)  Some domains of development, such as cognitive development, are fundamentally discontinuous, whereas other domains, such as social development, are fundamentally continuous. 
D)  Whether development is fundamentally continuous or discontinuous depends on perspective-how development is examined as well as how often it is examined.

Question 10

Which research design allows researchers to infer cause-and-effect associations between variables?

Accepted Answer

A)  structured 
B)  correlational 
C)  experimental 
D)  none of these 
A)  structured 
B)  correlational 
C)  experimental 
D)  none of these

Question 11

The validity of a test refers to the:

Accepted Answer

A)  consistency of the test. 
B)  extent to which two raters agree on its result. 
C)  degree to which it measures what it is intended to measure. 
D)  level of agreement between different observers of the same behaviour. 
A)  consistency of the test. 
B)  extent to which two raters agree on its result. 
C)  degree to which it measures what it is intended to measure. 
D)  level of agreement between different observers of the same behaviour.

Question 12

Which statement about individuals' contributions to their own development is true?

Accepted Answer

A)  Most individuals rarely actively contribute to their own development. 
B)  Infants are incapable of actively contributing to their own development. 
C)  Individuals' active contributions to their own development strengthen as they age. 
D)  Individuals' active contributions to their own development weaken as they age. 
A)  Most individuals rarely actively contribute to their own development. 
B)  Infants are incapable of actively contributing to their own development. 
C)  Individuals' active contributions to their own development strengthen as they age. 
D)  Individuals' active contributions to their own development weaken as they age.

Question 13

Which method is the BEST way to divide participants into groups for an experiment?

Accepted Answer

A)  dividing participants by hair colour 
B)  allowing participants to choose which group to join 
C)  dividing participants by where their names fall on an alphabetic list 
D)  flipping a coin for each participant 
A)  dividing participants by hair colour 
B)  allowing participants to choose which group to join 
C)  dividing participants by where their names fall on an alphabetic list 
D)  flipping a coin for each participant

Question 14

Which factor is an example of how children shape their own development?

Accepted Answer

A)  play style 
B)  socioeconomic status 
C)  number of siblings 
D)  all of these 
A)  play style 
B)  socioeconomic status 
C)  number of siblings 
D)  all of these

Question 15

A researcher is interested in examining whether offering children candy as an incentive to share will increase preschoolers' sharing behaviour. A group of preschoolers is brought into the laboratory to play with some interesting toys. The preschoolers are split into two groups through random assignment. Group A is told that they will get candy each time they share, and Group B is not told anything about candy or sharing. Results indicate that preschoolers in Group A share more than do preschoolers in Group B, and the researcher concludes that offering children candy for sharing caused the children in Group A to share more. Which statement BEST describes a possible limitation of this study?

Accepted Answer

A)  Children in Group A may have been naturally kinder than children in Group B. 
B)  Causation cannot be inferred from this type of study. 
C)  These findings may not generalize beyond the laboratory setting. 
D)  There may be a third-variable problem. 
A)  Children in Group A may have been naturally kinder than children in Group B. 
B)  Causation cannot be inferred from this type of study. 
C)  These findings may not generalize beyond the laboratory setting. 
D)  There may be a third-variable problem.

Question 16

Which statement regarding the relationship between an individual's genome and his or her behaviours and experiences is true?

Accepted Answer

A)  An individual's genome influences his or her behaviours and experiences. 
B)  An individual's behaviours and experiences influence his or her genome. 
C)  An individual's genome influences his or her behaviours and experiences, and vice versa. 
D)  There is no relationship between an individual's genome and his or her behaviours and experiences. 
A)  An individual's genome influences his or her behaviours and experiences. 
B)  An individual's behaviours and experiences influence his or her genome. 
C)  An individual's genome influences his or her behaviours and experiences, and vice versa. 
D)  There is no relationship between an individual's genome and his or her behaviours and experiences.

Question 17

Which philosopher offered the argument that children should be provided with maximum freedom and no formal education prior to the age of reason at approximately age 12?

Accepted Answer

A)  Rousseau 
B)  Plato 
C)  Aristotle 
D)  Locke 
A)  Rousseau 
B)  Plato 
C)  Aristotle 
D)  Locke

Question 18

Suppose a researcher found out that there was a strong positive correlation between the number of minutes parents spend reading to children and the number of minutes parents spend engaging in athletic activity with children. If the researcher concluded that engaging in high levels of athletic activity with children causes parents to read to them more often, which type of problem would MOST likely be occurring?

Accepted Answer

A)  third-variable 
B)  direction-of-correlation 
C)  direction-of-causation 
D)  insufficient-knowledge 
A)  third-variable 
B)  direction-of-correlation 
C)  direction-of-causation 
D)  insufficient-knowledge

Question 19

Researchers interested in understanding the process of change are MOST likely to use a _____ design.

Accepted Answer

A)  correlational 
B)  microgenetic 
C)  longitudinal 
D)  cross-sectional 
A)  correlational 
B)  microgenetic 
C)  longitudinal 
D)  cross-sectional

Question 20

Groups created through random assignment should be comparable on which characteristic?

Accepted Answer

A)  bicycle-riding ability 
B)  ethnicity 
C)  language skills 
D)  all of these 
A)  bicycle-riding ability 
B)  ethnicity 
C)  language skills 
D)  all of these

Exam 1: Section 2: An Introduction to Child Development

Which statement BEST characterizes the results of research on children from Romanian orphanages?

Which statement is NOT part of the logic of experimental designs?

Naturalistic observation would probably be the method of choice for a researcher interested in which topic?

One of the earliest examples of research conducted for the benefit of children was:

Variables U and W have a correlation of -.86. If it is known that Keira has a low score on U, which statement would be the BEST prediction about her score on W?

Approximately what percentage of Canadian children who live in a single-parent home headed by a woman are classified as coming from a low-income family?

Which statement about naturalistic observation is NOT true?

Which statement reflects what the textbook maintains is the BEST answer to the question of whether development is fundamentally continuous or discontinuous?

Which research design allows researchers to infer cause-and-effect associations between variables?

The validity of a test refers to the:

Which statement about individuals' contributions to their own development is true?

Which method is the BEST way to divide participants into groups for an experiment?

Which factor is an example of how children shape their own development?

Which statement regarding the relationship between an individual's genome and his or her behaviours and experiences is true?

Which philosopher offered the argument that children should be provided with maximum freedom and no formal education prior to the age of reason at approximately age 12?

Researchers interested in understanding the process of change are MOST likely to use a _____ design.

Groups created through random assignment should be comparable on which characteristic?

Section 1: An Introduction to Child Development

Section 1: Prenatal Development and the Newborn Period

Section 2: Prenatal Development and the Newborn Period

Section 1: Biology and Behavior

Section 2: Biology and Behavior

Section 1: Theories of Cognitive Development

Section 2: Theories of Cognitive Development

Seeing, Thinking, and Doing in Infancy

Development of Language and Symbol Use

Section 1: Conceptual Development

Section 2: Conceptual Development

Section 1: Intelligence and Academic Achievement

Section 2: Intelligence and Academic Achievement

Section 1: Theories of Social Development

Section 2: Theories of Social Development

Section 1: Emotional Development

Section 2: Emotional Development

Section 1: Attachment to Others and Development of Self

Section 2: Attachment to Others and Development of Self

Section 1: The Family

Section 2: The Family

Section 1: Peer Relationship

Section 2: Peer Relationship

Section 1: Moral Development

Section 2: Moral Development

Section 1: Gender Development

Section 2: Gender Development

Section 1: Conclusions

Section 2: Conclusions

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