Question 1

Which statement about longitudinal design is true?

Accepted Answer

A)  Loss of participants can threaten external validity. 
B)  Longitudinal design is particularly useful for examining age-related changes in typical performance. 
C)  Longitudinal design is the least time-consuming of the designs for examining development. 
D)  Research questions regarding stability or change over time are not well-suited for longitudinal design. 
A)  Loss of participants can threaten external validity. 
B)  Longitudinal design is particularly useful for examining age-related changes in typical performance. 
C)  Longitudinal design is the least time-consuming of the designs for examining development. 
D)  Research questions regarding stability or change over time are not well-suited for longitudinal design.

Question 2

Which item is NOT one of the four factors Scarr identified as involved in the differences among siblings?

Accepted Answer

A)  sociocultural context 
B)  genes 
C)  children's choice of environments 
D)  treatment by parents and others 
A)  sociocultural context 
B)  genes 
C)  children's choice of environments 
D)  treatment by parents and others

Question 3

Which characteristic is entirely the result of biological endowment?

Accepted Answer

A)  intelligence 
B)  mental health 
C)  physical appearance 
D)  none of these 
A)  intelligence 
B)  mental health 
C)  physical appearance 
D)  none of these

Question 4

In the research by Blackwell, Trzeniewski, and Dweck described in the text, researchers created an educational program for low-income middle school students. The children who showed the most substantial improvement in math grades were those children who initially believed that intelligence _____ and who were provided with information about how _____.

Accepted Answer

A)  is an unchanging quantity; memory works 
B)  is an unchanging quantity; learning alters the brain 
C)  improves through learning; memory works 
D)  improves through learning; learning alters the brain 
A)  is an unchanging quantity; memory works 
B)  is an unchanging quantity; learning alters the brain 
C)  improves through learning; memory works 
D)  improves through learning; learning alters the brain

Question 5

Considering the research on preschoolers' ability to provide accurate testimony about past events, which piece of advice would be the MOST important for an interviewer to be told prior to interviewing a young child?

Accepted Answer

A)  Bring a doll to aid the child in answering your questions. 
B)  Make sure you know the answers to the questions before asking the child. 
C)  If you do not think the child has answered a question accurately, ask the question again. 
D)  Ask questions in a neutral manner. 
A)  Bring a doll to aid the child in answering your questions. 
B)  Make sure you know the answers to the questions before asking the child. 
C)  If you do not think the child has answered a question accurately, ask the question again. 
D)  Ask questions in a neutral manner.

Question 6

A researcher would be MOST likely to use a cross-sectional design to examine which topic?

Accepted Answer

A)  typical pattern of age-related changes in a particular skill 
B)  pattern of stability and change in individual children's development in a particular area 
C)  how change in a particular skill occurs 
D)  how individual differences remain stable over long periods of time 
A)  typical pattern of age-related changes in a particular skill 
B)  pattern of stability and change in individual children's development in a particular area 
C)  how change in a particular skill occurs 
D)  how individual differences remain stable over long periods of time

Question 7

To examine the effect of empathy training on teenagers' bullying behaviours, a researcher splits a group of high school students into two groups through random assignment. Group A is shown a movie about an interesting science experiment, and Group B is shown a movie about students being harmed by bullies. Group A would be the _____ group, and Group B would be the _____ group.

Accepted Answer

A)  dependent; independent 
B)  independent; dependent 
C)  control; experimental 
D)  experimental; control 
A)  dependent; independent 
B)  independent; dependent 
C)  control; experimental 
D)  experimental; control

Question 8

One study discussed in the text demonstrated that the grades of children who were highly engaged in school changed in more positive directions than would have been predicted by genetic background or family environment alone. This finding is MOST supportive of the theory of:

Accepted Answer

A)  Watson. 
B)  Scarr. 
C)  Dweck. 
D)  Piaget. 
A)  Watson. 
B)  Scarr. 
C)  Dweck. 
D)  Piaget.

Question 9

To examine his hypothesis that children's creativity levels decrease with age, Dr. Leno asks children how many imaginary friends they have and considers their answers to be a measure of their creativity. A second researcher, Dr. Letterman, disagrees that the answers are a measure of creativity and instead believes that the number of imaginary friends a child has is an indicator of level of mental disturbance. Dr. Letterman believes Dr. Leno's measure of creativity has a problem with its:

Accepted Answer

A)  external validity. 
B)  relevance to the hypothesis. 
C)  reliability. 
D)  interrater agreement. 
A)  external validity. 
B)  relevance to the hypothesis. 
C)  reliability. 
D)  interrater agreement.

Question 10

A researcher asks children a series of predetermined questions about how much they like to play with their siblings. The researcher is using:

Accepted Answer

A)  naturalistic observation. 
B)  structured observation. 
C)  clinical interview. 
D)  structured interview. 
A)  naturalistic observation. 
B)  structured observation. 
C)  clinical interview. 
D)  structured interview.

Question 11

A researcher who believes that nature and nurture interact to produce high-achieving children would be MOST likely to make which hypothesis?

Accepted Answer

A)  Children who have older siblings will be more likely to do well in school than children who do not have older siblings. 
B)  Children whose parents have high IQs will be more likely to do well in school than children who do not have older siblings. 
C)  Both having an older sibling and having parents with high IQs will be associated with doing well in school. 
D)  Only when children have parents with high IQs will having an older sibling be associated with doing well in school. 
A)  Children who have older siblings will be more likely to do well in school than children who do not have older siblings. 
B)  Children whose parents have high IQs will be more likely to do well in school than children who do not have older siblings. 
C)  Both having an older sibling and having parents with high IQs will be associated with doing well in school. 
D)  Only when children have parents with high IQs will having an older sibling be associated with doing well in school.

Question 12

What is a hypothesis?

Accepted Answer

A)  a research question 
B)  a conclusion yielded by research 
C)  a method used to answer a question 
D)  an educated guess 
A)  a research question 
B)  a conclusion yielded by research 
C)  a method used to answer a question 
D)  an educated guess

Question 13

The term used for the social class measure based on income and education is:

Accepted Answer

A)  race. 
B)  socioeconomic status. 
C)  culture. 
D)  sociocultural context. 
A)  race. 
B)  socioeconomic status. 
C)  culture. 
D)  sociocultural context.

Question 14

Which view of changes in height would lead to a view that height development is smooth and continuous?

Accepted Answer

A)  View A: measuring the height of a boy at yearly intervals from birth to age 18 
B)  View B: examining changes in height from one year to the next from birth to age 18 
C)  Both View A and View B make changes in height look continuous. 
D)  Both View A and View B make changes in height look discontinuous. 
A)  View A: measuring the height of a boy at yearly intervals from birth to age 18 
B)  View B: examining changes in height from one year to the next from birth to age 18 
C)  Both View A and View B make changes in height look continuous. 
D)  Both View A and View B make changes in height look discontinuous.

Question 15

Test-retest reliability refers to the:

Accepted Answer

A)  level of agreement between different observers of the same behaviour. 
B)  improvement of children over time in abilities such as mathematics. 
C)  degree to which a test measures what it is intended to test. 
D)  degree of similarity in the results of the same measure when it is given at two different times. 
A)  level of agreement between different observers of the same behaviour. 
B)  improvement of children over time in abilities such as mathematics. 
C)  degree to which a test measures what it is intended to test. 
D)  degree of similarity in the results of the same measure when it is given at two different times.

Question 16

The internal validity of a measure involves the extent to which:

Accepted Answer

A)  the effects of an experiment are truly due to conditions the researcher intended to manipulate. 
B)  different observers of the same behaviour agree. 
C)  the results of a study hold when studies are conducted with different participants and different methods. 
D)  none of these is the case. 
A)  the effects of an experiment are truly due to conditions the researcher intended to manipulate. 
B)  different observers of the same behaviour agree. 
C)  the results of a study hold when studies are conducted with different participants and different methods. 
D)  none of these is the case.

Question 17

A correlation of -1.00 indicates that:

Accepted Answer

A)  there is no relationship between the two variables. 
B)  the two variables increase together. 
C)  the two variables decrease together. 
D)  as one variable increases, the other variable decreases. 
A)  there is no relationship between the two variables. 
B)  the two variables increase together. 
C)  the two variables decrease together. 
D)  as one variable increases, the other variable decreases.

Question 18

"Nature" refers to:

Accepted Answer

A)  parents' physical health. 
B)  characteristics of the womb in which the prenatal period is spent. 
C)  genes received from parents. 
D)  all of these. 
A)  parents' physical health. 
B)  characteristics of the womb in which the prenatal period is spent. 
C)  genes received from parents. 
D)  all of these.

Question 19

Which statement expresses a disadvantage of naturalistic observation?

Accepted Answer

A)  Memory of participants for past events is often inaccurate and incomplete. 
B)  It can feel artificial to the participants. 
C)  Reports are often biased to reflect favorably on the participants. 
D)  It has a limited value for studying infrequent behaviours. 
A)  Memory of participants for past events is often inaccurate and incomplete. 
B)  It can feel artificial to the participants. 
C)  Reports are often biased to reflect favorably on the participants. 
D)  It has a limited value for studying infrequent behaviours.

Question 20

Structured observation would probably be the method of choice for a researcher interested in which topic?

Accepted Answer

A)  how toddlers respond to their parents' encouragement to touch a dangerous object 
B)  frequency of bullying behaviour among schoolchildren 
C)  beliefs of the children in an elementary school class about how smart their classmates are 
D)  a single child's feelings about his friendships 
A)  how toddlers respond to their parents' encouragement to touch a dangerous object 
B)  frequency of bullying behaviour among schoolchildren 
C)  beliefs of the children in an elementary school class about how smart their classmates are 
D)  a single child's feelings about his friendships

Exam 1: Section 2: An Introduction to Child Development

Which statement about longitudinal design is true?

Which item is NOT one of the four factors Scarr identified as involved in the differences among siblings?

Which characteristic is entirely the result of biological endowment?

Considering the research on preschoolers' ability to provide accurate testimony about past events, which piece of advice would be the MOST important for an interviewer to be told prior to interviewing a young child?

A researcher would be MOST likely to use a cross-sectional design to examine which topic?

One study discussed in the text demonstrated that the grades of children who were highly engaged in school changed in more positive directions than would have been predicted by genetic background or family environment alone. This finding is MOST supportive of the theory of:

A researcher asks children a series of predetermined questions about how much they like to play with their siblings. The researcher is using:

A researcher who believes that nature and nurture interact to produce high-achieving children would be MOST likely to make which hypothesis?

What is a hypothesis?

The term used for the social class measure based on income and education is:

Which view of changes in height would lead to a view that height development is smooth and continuous?

Test-retest reliability refers to the:

The internal validity of a measure involves the extent to which:

A correlation of -1.00 indicates that:

"Nature" refers to:

Which statement expresses a disadvantage of naturalistic observation?

Structured observation would probably be the method of choice for a researcher interested in which topic?

Section 1: An Introduction to Child Development

Section 1: Prenatal Development and the Newborn Period

Section 2: Prenatal Development and the Newborn Period

Section 1: Biology and Behavior

Section 2: Biology and Behavior

Section 1: Theories of Cognitive Development

Section 2: Theories of Cognitive Development

Seeing, Thinking, and Doing in Infancy

Development of Language and Symbol Use

Section 1: Conceptual Development

Section 2: Conceptual Development

Section 1: Intelligence and Academic Achievement

Section 2: Intelligence and Academic Achievement

Section 1: Theories of Social Development

Section 2: Theories of Social Development

Section 1: Emotional Development

Section 2: Emotional Development

Section 1: Attachment to Others and Development of Self

Section 2: Attachment to Others and Development of Self

Section 1: The Family

Section 2: The Family

Section 1: Peer Relationship

Section 2: Peer Relationship

Section 1: Moral Development

Section 2: Moral Development

Section 1: Gender Development

Section 2: Gender Development

Section 1: Conclusions

Section 2: Conclusions

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