Exam 25: Control of Body Temperature and Water Balance

When a dolphin consumes a large volume of water and electrolytes, it must be able to get rid of large volumes of water via urine and feces. This is an example of the process of

Which of the following statements regarding the urinary system is true?

A salamander is a vertebrate that spends part of its life cycle in water (juvenile stage) and part on land (adult stage). In both life stages, the salamander's body temperature depends on its surrounding environment, so the salamander demonstrates ________ behavior.

Which of the following processes involves the transfer of heat between an animal and an object in its environment that the animal is touching?

Emperor penguins use a huddling behavior to conduct heat efficiently. Similarly, honeybees conduct heat within their hives by huddling together and then changing positions from the center of the huddle to the edges in order to keep heat circulating. When it is warm, however, the bees transport water into their hives and then beat their wings in order to make ________ cooling possible.

What is the functional unit of the kidney?

In 2011, scientists investigated whether the salts that are spread on icy roads to melt the ice are diluted enough by spring rainfall so that they do not have negative effects on amphibian species that breed in nearby areas. They exposed clutches (groups of eggs) of salamanders to three test conditions with varying salt concentrations (road salts mixed with dechlorinated tap water) to simulate salt concentrations of small pools of water located near highways that are typically fed by rain-areas where salamanders often lay their eggs. After 9 days, the scientists placed the three groups in "normal" water and measured how much body mass the salamanders lost every 3 days for 9 days. They chose to measure change in mass because salamanders are able to take in water, which helps lower the chances of salamander embryos dying from freezing, disease, or predation. The table below provides partial results of this study. Group 1 2 Chloride Concentration in Test Conditions 145/ 945/ Total \% Mass Lost after 9 Days of Exposure to Test Conditions 20\% 35\% Total \% Mass Regained after 9 Days in Normal Water Conditions 15\% 0\% Additional \% Mass Lost after 9 Days in Nonmal Water Conditions 0\% 10\% -There was a third group (group 3) in this study that experienced the same test conditions as groups 1 and 2 except that the water to which group 3 was exposed always had a chloride concentration (mg/L) that salamander clutches would normally experience (that is, with no road salts in the water). What do you predict that group 3 demonstrated?

Marine animals that have body fluids with a solute concentration equal to that of the surrounding seawater are

Water moves out of filtrate in the nephron tubule into the interstitial fluid by

When humans are cold, they often shiver. Shivering increases their ________, thereby warming their bodies.

If valuable solutes were not adequately reabsorbed from filtrate, what would occur?

The transfer of heat from arteries that carry warm blood past veins that carry cooler blood is an example of

If a person sits on a cool floor, heat from that person is transferred to the floor. This is an example of

During production of urine, a major function of the kidney is

Birds, like other animals, must eliminate ammonia or urea. They do so by converting it to

In 2011, scientists investigated whether the salts that are spread on icy roads to melt the ice are diluted enough by spring rainfall so that they do not have negative effects on amphibian species that breed in nearby areas. They exposed clutches (groups of eggs) of salamanders to three test conditions with varying salt concentrations (road salts mixed with dechlorinated tap water) to simulate salt concentrations of small pools of water located near highways that are typically fed by rain-areas where salamanders often lay their eggs. After 9 days, the scientists placed the three groups in "normal" water and measured how much body mass the salamanders lost every 3 days for 9 days. They chose to measure change in mass because salamanders are able to take in water, which helps lower the chances of salamander embryos dying from freezing, disease, or predation. The table below provides partial results of this study. Group 1 2 Chloride Concentration in Test Conditions 145/ 945/ Total \% Mass Lost after 9 Days of Exposure to Test Conditions 20\% 35\% Total \% Mass Regained after 9 Days in Normal Water Conditions 15\% 0\% Additional \% Mass Lost after 9 Days in Nonmal Water Conditions 0\% 10\% -This study is considering the salamander clutches' ability to maintain the process of

Which part of the nephron shown is its proximal tubule?

Like humans, cats can experience kidney failure. Unlike humans, however, cat kidney dialysis as a treatment option is not widely available and used. Rather, efforts are made to treat any complications that arise from failing kidneys such as low potassium or high phosphate levels. When low potassium levels are identified, potassium supplements are given to return cells to a balanced potassium-water level. This is an example of an effort to maintain

The first step in the formation of urine is the

Scientists studied the thermoregulatory and osmoregulatory responses in exercising human subjects who were experiencing different levels of dehydration (0%, 3%, 5%, and 7% based on body weight). After exercise, the subjects' body temperatures, sweating rates, and blood solute concentrations were measured. Their results are shown in these three graphs. Note that only sweating rate was measured after each bout of exercise. Body temperature was measured after the first two bouts of exercise, and blood solutes after only the first bout of exercise. Source: Adapted from Sawka, M. N., Young, A. J., Francesconi, R. P., Muza, S. R., & Pandolf, K. B. (1985). Thermoregulatory and blood responses during exercise at graded hypohydration levels. J Appl Physiol, 59, 1394-1402. -Predict what happens after the study, when the dehydrated subjects become rehydrated.