Exam 22: Gas Exchange

Within the lungs of humans, gas exchange occurs across

What part of the respiratory system does cigarette smoke most adversely affect?

Oxygen moves from blood into the interstitial fluid and then to body cells because it

Inhalation in humans is achieved by

Air leaving human lungs during exhalation contains

Which of the following animals would most likely be able to exchange gases effectively when placed in a dry desert environment?

Physicians routinely give their patients pulmonary function tests in order to measure characteristics of lung function. The most common of these tests, spirometry, measures both the volume and the speed of air entering and exiting the lungs. In this test, a person first breathes normally while breathing into a spirometer, a machine that measures air volume and air speed. Then the person takes the deepest breath possible and exhales as hard as possible for 6 seconds into the spirometer. The resulting data are plotted on a graph of volume (y axis) versus time (x axis). Spirometry is useful not only for assessing lung function in healthy patients but also for characterizing patients with lung conditions such as pulmonary fibrosis, asthma, or emphysema. A sample graph for a healthy adult male is shown below. Normal breathing occurs between points A and B, a maximal inhalation occurs at point C, and a maximal exhalation occurs at point D. Normal breathing resumes between points E and F. -For this data set, how much air is exhaled during a normal breath?

Compared to the vital capacity, how much air can lungs actually hold?

Medullary breathing centers directly sense and respond to

Many amphibians (including many frogs, toads, and salamanders) spend the early part of their lives in water but live on land as adults. The adults of many species return to water to breed and lay their eggs. Frogs have small lungs and supplement their oxygen intake by breathing through the skin. Although large frogs have more total surface area than smaller frogs, the larger frogs have a lower surface area/volume ratio (less skin surface relative to their total body volume). To keep their respiratory surfaces moist, frogs are generally found in wet or very moist locations. In an experiment designed to investigate oxygen consumption in relation to body size, frogs from five different species were weighed and placed in a respirometer (a machine that measures oxygen consumption) for 1 hour. The table shows the results of the experiment. Species Average Weight (grams) Oxygen Consumption in One Hour (cc) A 7 0.35 B 11 0.55 C 15 0.75 D 21 1.05 E 37 1.85 -If you could alter the shape of a frog so that it was long and thin instead of compact, the frog's oxygen transfer efficiency would

One advantage of gas exchange in water is that

The tracheal system of an insect is most like which of the following?

Cigarette smoke can affect the white blood cells that reside in our lungs, whose function is to

-At which point(s) in the following figure would the blood have the highest concentration of CO2?

Most CO₂ is transported to the lungs in which of the following ways?

Physicians routinely give their patients pulmonary function tests in order to measure characteristics of lung function. The most common of these tests, spirometry, measures both the volume and the speed of air entering and exiting the lungs. In this test, a person first breathes normally while breathing into a spirometer, a machine that measures air volume and air speed. Then the person takes the deepest breath possible and exhales as hard as possible for 6 seconds into the spirometer. The resulting data are plotted on a graph of volume (y axis) versus time (x axis). Spirometry is useful not only for assessing lung function in healthy patients but also for characterizing patients with lung conditions such as pulmonary fibrosis, asthma, or emphysema. A sample graph for a healthy adult male is shown below. Normal breathing occurs between points A and B, a maximal inhalation occurs at point C, and a maximal exhalation occurs at point D. Normal breathing resumes between points E and F. -Patients with emphysema have lungs that are less elastic than normal. As a result, they cannot exhale as much air as a healthy person can, thereby leaving additional residual volume in the lungs. How would the preceding graph differ if an emphysema patient's data were plotted instead of a healthy person's?

The oxygen-carrying component in red blood cells is

Which animal requires the largest and most complex lungs proportional to its overall body size?

When you are breathing normally, exhalation results mainly from

The evolution of aquatic vertebrates that could live on land likely involved an intermediate species that