Question 1

What is the source of the oxygen used to form water in the complete reactions of cellular respiration?

Accepted Answer

A)  carbon dioxide (CO₂) 
B)  glucose (C₆H₁₂O₆) 
C)  pyruvate (C₃H₃O₃-) 
D)  molecular oxygen (O₂) 
A)  carbon dioxide (CO₂) 
B)  glucose (C₆H₁₂O₆) 
C)  pyruvate (C₃H₃O₃-) 
D)  molecular oxygen (O₂) D

Question 2

Which metabolic pathway is common to both fermentation and cellular respiration of a glucose molecule?

Accepted Answer

A)  the citric acid cycle 
B)  the electron transport chain 
C)  glycolysis 
D)  reduction of pyruvate to lactate 
A)  the citric acid cycle 
B)  the electron transport chain 
C)  glycolysis 
D)  reduction of pyruvate to lactate C

Question 3

Why is glycolysis considered to be one of the first metabolic pathways to have evolved?

Accepted Answer

A)  It produces much less ATP than does oxidative phosphorylation. 
B)  It does not involve organelles or specialized structures, does not require oxygen, and is present in most organisms. 
C)  It is found in prokaryotic cells but not in eukaryotic cells. 
D)  It relies on chemiosmosis, which is a metabolic mechanism present only in prokaryotic cells. 
A)  It produces much less ATP than does oxidative phosphorylation. 
B)  It does not involve organelles or specialized structures, does not require oxygen, and is present in most organisms. 
C)  It is found in prokaryotic cells but not in eukaryotic cells. 
D)  It relies on chemiosmosis, which is a metabolic mechanism present only in prokaryotic cells. B

Question 4

As a result of an oxidation-reduction reaction the oxidizing agent

Accepted Answer

A)  gains electrons and gains potential energy. 
B)  gains electrons and loses potential energy. 
C)  loses electrons and loses potential energy. 
D)  loses electrons and gains potential energy. 
A)  gains electrons and gains potential energy. 
B)  gains electrons and loses potential energy. 
C)  loses electrons and loses potential energy. 
D)  loses electrons and gains potential energy.

Question 5

The free energy for the oxidation of glucose to CO₂ and water is -686 kcal/mol, and the free energy for the reduction of NAD+ to NADH is +53 kcal/mol. Why are only two molecules of NADH formed during glycolysis when it appears that as many as a dozen could be formed?

Accepted Answer

A)  Most of the free energy available from the oxidation of glucose is used in the production of ATP in glycolysis. 
B)  Glycolysis is a very inefficient reaction, with much of the energy of glucose released as heat. 
C)  Most of the free energy available from the oxidation of glucose remains in pyruvate, one of the products of glycolysis. 
D)  Glycolysis consists of many enzyme-catalyzed reactions, each of which extracts a small amount of energy from the glucose molecule. 
A)  Most of the free energy available from the oxidation of glucose is used in the production of ATP in glycolysis. 
B)  Glycolysis is a very inefficient reaction, with much of the energy of glucose released as heat. 
C)  Most of the free energy available from the oxidation of glucose remains in pyruvate, one of the products of glycolysis. 
D)  Glycolysis consists of many enzyme-catalyzed reactions, each of which extracts a small amount of energy from the glucose molecule.

Question 6

As a result of the transfer of an electron from a less electronegative atom to a more electronegative atom,

Accepted Answer

A)  the more electronegative atom is reduced, and energy is released. 
B)  the more electronegative atom is reduced, and energy is consumed. 
C)  the more electronegative atom is oxidized, and energy is consumed. 
D)  the more electronegative atom is oxidized, and energy is released. 
A)  the more electronegative atom is reduced, and energy is released. 
B)  the more electronegative atom is reduced, and energy is consumed. 
C)  the more electronegative atom is oxidized, and energy is consumed. 
D)  the more electronegative atom is oxidized, and energy is released.

Question 7

Where in mitochondria is the enzyme ATP synthase localized?

Accepted Answer

A)  mitochondrial matrix 
B)  electron transport chain 
C)  inner membrane 
D)  outer membrane 
A)  mitochondrial matrix 
B)  electron transport chain 
C)  inner membrane 
D)  outer membrane

Question 8

What carbon sources can yeast cells metabolize to make ATP from ADP under anaerobic conditions?

Accepted Answer

A)  glucose 
B)  ethanol 
C)  pyruvate 
D)  lactic acid 
A)  glucose 
B)  ethanol 
C)  pyruvate 
D)  lactic acid

Question 9

The oxygen consumed during cellular respiration is involved directly in which process or event?

Accepted Answer

A)  glycolysis 
B)  accepting electrons at the end of the electron transport chain 
C)  the citric acid cycle 
D)  the oxidation of pyruvate to acetyl CoA 
E)  the phosphorylation of ADP to form ATP 
A)  glycolysis 
B)  accepting electrons at the end of the electron transport chain 
C)  the citric acid cycle 
D)  the oxidation of pyruvate to acetyl CoA 
E)  the phosphorylation of ADP to form ATP

Question 10

A man interested in losing weight and increasing his fitness followed a strict diet and exercise regimen for three months. Body fat analysis indicated that the man had lost 7 kg (about 15 pounds) of fat by following this exercise and diet program. What is the most likely form by which the fat left his body?

Accepted Answer

A)  It was converted to heat, which was released to the environment. 
B)  It was released as CO₂ and H₂O. 
C)  It was converted to ATP, which weighs much less than fat. 
D)  It was broken down to amino acids and eliminated from the body. 
A)  It was converted to heat, which was released to the environment. 
B)  It was released as CO₂ and H₂O. 
C)  It was converted to ATP, which weighs much less than fat. 
D)  It was broken down to amino acids and eliminated from the body.

Question 11

Which of the following occur(s) in mitochondria?

Accepted Answer

A)  glycolysis and fermentation 
B)  fermentation and chemiosmosis 
C)  glycolysis and oxidation of pyruvate to acetyl CoA 
D)  oxidation of pyruvate to acetyl CoA and the citric acid cycle 
E)  fermentation and oxidative phosphorylation 
A)  glycolysis and fermentation 
B)  fermentation and chemiosmosis 
C)  glycolysis and oxidation of pyruvate to acetyl CoA 
D)  oxidation of pyruvate to acetyl CoA and the citric acid cycle 
E)  fermentation and oxidative phosphorylation

Question 12

In mitochondria, exergonic redox reactions

Accepted Answer

A)  are the source of energy driving prokaryotic ATP synthesis. 
B)  provide the energy that establishes the proton gradient. 
C)  reduce carbon atoms to carbon dioxide. 
D)  are coupled via phosphorylated intermediates to endergonic processes. 
A)  are the source of energy driving prokaryotic ATP synthesis. 
B)  provide the energy that establishes the proton gradient. 
C)  reduce carbon atoms to carbon dioxide. 
D)  are coupled via phosphorylated intermediates to endergonic processes.

Question 13

A molecule that is phosphorylated

Accepted Answer

A)  has been reduced as a result of a redox reaction involving the loss of an inorganic phosphate. 
B)  has a decreased chemical energy and is less likely to provide energy for cellular work. 
C)  has been oxidized as a result of a redox reaction involving the gain of an inorganic phosphate. 
D)  has increased chemical potential energy that may be used to do cellular work. 
A)  has been reduced as a result of a redox reaction involving the loss of an inorganic phosphate. 
B)  has a decreased chemical energy and is less likely to provide energy for cellular work. 
C)  has been oxidized as a result of a redox reaction involving the gain of an inorganic phosphate. 
D)  has increased chemical potential energy that may be used to do cellular work.

Question 14

One primary function of both alcohol fermentation and lactic acid fermentation is to

Accepted Answer

A)  reduce NAD+ to NADH. 
B)  reduce FAD+ to FADH₂. 
C)  oxidize NADH to NAD+. 
D)  reduce FADH₂ to FAD+. 
A)  reduce NAD+ to NADH. 
B)  reduce FAD+ to FADH₂. 
C)  oxidize NADH to NAD+. 
D)  reduce FADH₂ to FAD+.

Question 15

Energy released by the electron transport chain is used to pump H+ into which location in eukaryotic cells?

Accepted Answer

A)  cytosol 
B)  outer mitochondrial membrane 
C)  inner mitochondrial membrane 
D)  mitochondrial intermembrane space 
E)  mitochondrial matrix 
A)  cytosol 
B)  outer mitochondrial membrane 
C)  inner mitochondrial membrane 
D)  mitochondrial intermembrane space 
E)  mitochondrial matrix

Question 16

A young dog has never had much energy. He is brought to a veterinarian for help, and she decides to conduct several diagnostic tests. She discovers that the dog's mitochondria can use only fatty acids and amino acids for cellular respiration, and his cells produce more lactate than normal. Of the following, which is the best explanation of the dog's condition?

Accepted Answer

A)  His mitochondria lack the transport protein that moves pyruvate across the outer mitochondrial membrane. 
B)  His cells cannot transport NADH from glycolysis into the mitochondria. 
C)  His cells contain something that inhibits oxygen use in his mitochondria. 
D)  His cells lack an essential enzyme in glycolysis so they cannot produce pyruvate. 
E)  His cells have a defective electron transport chain, so glucose goes to lactate instead of to acetyl CoA. 
A)  His mitochondria lack the transport protein that moves pyruvate across the outer mitochondrial membrane. 
B)  His cells cannot transport NADH from glycolysis into the mitochondria. 
C)  His cells contain something that inhibits oxygen use in his mitochondria. 
D)  His cells lack an essential enzyme in glycolysis so they cannot produce pyruvate. 
E)  His cells have a defective electron transport chain, so glucose goes to lactate instead of to acetyl CoA.

Question 17

Which process in eukaryotic cells will proceed normally whether oxygen (O₂) is present or absent?

Accepted Answer

A)  electron transport 
B)  glycolysis 
C)  the citric acid cycle 
D)  oxidative phosphorylation 
E)  chemiosmosis 
A)  electron transport 
B)  glycolysis 
C)  the citric acid cycle 
D)  oxidative phosphorylation 
E)  chemiosmosis

Question 18

Which one of the following is formed by the removal of a carbon (as CO₂) from a molecule of pyruvate?

Accepted Answer

A)  lactate 
B)  glyceraldehyde-3-phosphate 
C)  oxaloacetate 
D)  acetyl CoA 
E)  citrate 
A)  lactate 
B)  glyceraldehyde-3-phosphate 
C)  oxaloacetate 
D)  acetyl CoA 
E)  citrate

Question 19

Figure 7.1
-Starting with one molecule of isocitrate and ending with fumarate, how many ATP molecules can be made through substrate-level phosphorylation (see Figure 7.1)?

Accepted Answer

A)  1 
B)  2 
C)  11 
D)  12 
E)  24 
A)  1 
B)  2 
C)  11 
D)  12 
E)  24

Question 20

In an oxidation-reduction reaction, the reducing agent

Accepted Answer

A)  gains electrons and gains potential energy. 
B)  gains electrons and loses potential energy. 
C)  loses electrons and loses potential energy. 
D)  loses electrons and gains potential energy. 
A)  gains electrons and gains potential energy. 
B)  gains electrons and loses potential energy. 
C)  loses electrons and loses potential energy. 
D)  loses electrons and gains potential energy.

Exam 7: Cellular Respiration and Fermentation

What is the source of the oxygen used to form water in the complete reactions of cellular respiration?

Which metabolic pathway is common to both fermentation and cellular respiration of a glucose molecule?

Why is glycolysis considered to be one of the first metabolic pathways to have evolved?

As a result of an oxidation-reduction reaction the oxidizing agent

The free energy for the oxidation of glucose to CO₂ and water is -686 kcal/mol, and the free energy for the reduction of NAD+ to NADH is +53 kcal/mol. Why are only two molecules of NADH formed during glycolysis when it appears that as many as a dozen could be formed?

As a result of the transfer of an electron from a less electronegative atom to a more electronegative atom,

Where in mitochondria is the enzyme ATP synthase localized?

What carbon sources can yeast cells metabolize to make ATP from ADP under anaerobic conditions?

The oxygen consumed during cellular respiration is involved directly in which process or event?

Which of the following occur(s) in mitochondria?

In mitochondria, exergonic redox reactions

A molecule that is phosphorylated

One primary function of both alcohol fermentation and lactic acid fermentation is to

Energy released by the electron transport chain is used to pump H+ into which location in eukaryotic cells?

Which process in eukaryotic cells will proceed normally whether oxygen (O₂) is present or absent?

Which one of the following is formed by the removal of a carbon (as CO₂) from a molecule of pyruvate?

Figure 7.1 -Starting with one molecule of isocitrate and ending with fumarate, how many ATP molecules can be made through substrate-level phosphorylation (see Figure 7.1)?

In an oxidation-reduction reaction, the reducing agent

Introduction: Evolution and the Foundations of Biology

The Chemical Context of Life

Carbon and the Molecular Diversity of Life

A Tour of the Cell

Membrane Transport and Cell Signaling

An Introduction to Metabolism

Photosynthesis

The Cell Cycle

Meiosis and Sexual Life Cycles

Mendel and the Gene Idea

The Chromosomal Basis of Inheritance

The Molecular Basis of Inheritance

Gene Expression: From Gene to Protein

Regulation of Gene Expression

Development, Stem Cells, and Cancer

Viruses

Genomes and Their Evolution

Descent With Modification

Phylogeny

The Evolution of Populations

The Origin of Species

Broad Patterns of Evolution

Early Life and the Diversification of Prokaryotes

The Origin and Diversification of Eukaryotes

The Colonization of Land by Plants and Fungi

The Rise of Animal Diversity

Plant Structure and Growth

Resource Acquisition, Nutrition, and Transport in Vascular Plants

Reproduction and Domestication of Flowering Plants

Plant Responses to Internal and External Signals

Homeostasis and Endocrine Signaling

Animal Nutrition

Circulation and Gas Exchange

The Immune System

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Population Ecology and the Distribution of Organisms

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