Exam 20: Phylogeny

Please use the following information to answer the question(s) below. Traditionally, zoologists have placed birds in their own class, Aves. More recently, molecular evidence has shown that birds are more closely related to reptiles than their anatomy reveals. Genetically, birds are more closely related to crocodiles than crocodiles are to turtles. Thus, bird anatomy has become highly modified as they have adapted to flight, without their genes having undergone nearly as much change. -Scientists discovered a fossil in China that belongs to a previously unknown species of an obscure group of small dinosaurs, related to primitive birds such as the famous Archaeopteryx. It had feathers, but they seemed too insubstantial to be useful in flight. Then the scientists said they recognized the unusually long, rodlike bone extending from each of the two wrists: curving structures possibly supporting an aerodynamic membrane. These scientists are grouping the found fossil with birds based on ________ structures.

Linnaeus was a "fixist" who believed that species remained fixed in the form in which they had been created. Linnaeus would have been uncomfortable with

Please use the following information to answer the question(s) below. Traditionally, zoologists have placed birds in their own class, Aves. More recently, molecular evidence has shown that birds are more closely related to reptiles than their anatomy reveals. Genetically, birds are more closely related to crocodiles than crocodiles are to turtles. Thus, bird anatomy has become highly modified as they have adapted to flight, without their genes having undergone nearly as much change. -Taxonomically, what should be done with the birds?

Please use the following information to answer the question(s) below. Traditionally, whales and hippopotamuses have been classified in different orders, the Cetacea and the Artiodactyla, respectively. Recent molecular evidence, however, indicates that the whales' closest living relatives are the hippos. This has caused some zoologists to lump the two orders together into a single clade, the Cetartiodactyla. There is no consensus on whether the Cetartiodactyla should be accorded order status or superorder status. This is because it remains unclear whether the whale lineage diverged from the lineage leading to the hippos before or after the other members of the order Artiodactyla (pigs, camels, etc.) diverged (see Figure 20.5). Figure 20.5 -If it turns out that the whale lineage diverged from the lineage leading to hippos after the divergence of the lineage leading to the pigs and other artiodactyls, and if the whales continue to be classified in the order Cetacea, then what becomes true of the taxon Cetartiodactyla?

Figure 20.2 -From Figure 20.2, which other event occurred closest in time to the divergence of gorillas from the lineage that led to humans and chimpanzees?

Please use the following information to answer the question(s) below. Traditionally, whales and hippopotamuses have been classified in different orders, the Cetacea and the Artiodactyla, respectively. Recent molecular evidence, however, indicates that the whales' closest living relatives are the hippos. This has caused some zoologists to lump the two orders together into a single clade, the Cetartiodactyla. There is no consensus on whether the Cetartiodactyla should be accorded order status or superorder status. This is because it remains unclear whether the whale lineage diverged from the lineage leading to the hippos before or after the other members of the order Artiodactyla (pigs, camels, etc.) diverged (see Figure 20.5). Figure 20.5 -Placing whales and hippos in the same clade means that

In a comparison of birds and mammals, the condition of having four limbs is

Figure 20.1 -Which extinct species should be the best candidate to serve as the outgroup for the clade whose common ancestor occurs at position 2 in Figure 20.1?

Three living species X, Y, and Z share a common ancestor T, as do extinct species U and V. A grouping that consists of species T, X, Y, and Z (but not U or V) makes up

Which kingdom has been replaced with two domains?

In figure shown below, which similarly inclusive taxon descended from the same common ancestor as Canidae? Figure 20.6

The kingdom Protista is obsolete because it contains members of how many other kingdoms?

Please use the following information to answer the question(s) below. Traditionally, whales and hippopotamuses have been classified in different orders, the Cetacea and the Artiodactyla, respectively. Recent molecular evidence, however, indicates that the whales' closest living relatives are the hippos. This has caused some zoologists to lump the two orders together into a single clade, the Cetartiodactyla. There is no consensus on whether the Cetartiodactyla should be accorded order status or superorder status. This is because it remains unclear whether the whale lineage diverged from the lineage leading to the hippos before or after the other members of the order Artiodactyla (pigs, camels, etc.) diverged (see Figure 20.5). Figure 20.5 -If it turns out that the whale lineage diverged from the lineage leading to hippos after the divergence of the lineage leading to the pigs and other artiodactyls, and if the whales continue to be classified in the order Cetacea, then what becomes true of the order Artiodactyla?

Based on the tree below, which statement is not correct?

The next question(s) refer to Table 20.1, which compares the % sequence homology of four different parts (two introns and two exons) of a gene that is found in five different eukaryotic species. Each part is numbered to indicate its distance from the promoter (for example, intron I is the one closest to the promoter). The data reported for species A were obtained by comparing DNA from one member of species A to the DNA of another member of species A. Table 20.1 -Regarding these sequence homology data, the principle of maximum parsimony would be applicable in

Figure 20.2 - Figure 20.4 Extrapolating backward in time using the molecular clock indicates that the HIV-1 M strain originated around

Please use the following information to answer the question(s) below. Traditionally, whales and hippopotamuses have been classified in different orders, the Cetacea and the Artiodactyla, respectively. Recent molecular evidence, however, indicates that the whales' closest living relatives are the hippos. This has caused some zoologists to lump the two orders together into a single clade, the Cetartiodactyla. There is no consensus on whether the Cetartiodactyla should be accorded order status or superorder status. This is because it remains unclear whether the whale lineage diverged from the lineage leading to the hippos before or after the other members of the order Artiodactyla (pigs, camels, etc.) diverged (see Figure 20.5). Figure 20.5 -If cetaceans are determined to have diverged from the lineage leading to the artiodactyls before the divergence of lineages leading to the modern artiodactyls (including hippos), then the cetaceans can be considered 1) a sister order to the order Artiodactyla. 2) an ingroup of the order Artiodactyla. 3) the common ancestor of the order Artiodactyla.

A phylogenetic tree constructed using sequence differences in mitochondrial DNA would be most valid for discerning the evolutionary relatedness of

Figure 20.2 -Together, the lesser apes and great apes shared a common ancestor most recently with other members of their

Figure 20.1 -If Figure 20.1 is an accurate depiction of relatedness, then which of the following should be correct? 1) The entire tree is based on maximum parsimony. 2) If all species depicted here make up a taxon, this taxon is monophyletic. 3) The last common ancestor of species B and C occurred more recently than the last common ancestor of species D and E. 4) Species A is the direct ancestor of both species B and species C. 5) The species present at position 3 is ancestral to C, D, and E.