Question 1

The hydrostatic skeleton of the earthworm allows it to move around in its environment by

Accepted Answer

A)  walking on its limbs. 
B)  crawling with its feet. 
C)  swimming. 
D)  using peristaltic contractions of its circular and longitudinal muscles. 
E)  alternating contractions and relaxations of its smooth muscle. 
A)  walking on its limbs. 
B)  crawling with its feet. 
C)  swimming. 
D)  using peristaltic contractions of its circular and longitudinal muscles. 
E)  alternating contractions and relaxations of its smooth muscle. D

Question 2

The proximate causes of behavior are interactions with the environment, but behavior is ultimately shaped by

Accepted Answer

A)  hormones. 
B)  evolution. 
C)  mating rituals. 
D)  pheromones. 
E)  the nervous system. 
A)  hormones. 
B)  evolution. 
C)  mating rituals. 
D)  pheromones. 
E)  the nervous system. B

Question 3

A female cat in heat urinates more often and in many places. Male cats are attracted to the urine deposits. Which of the following is a proximate cause of this increased urination?

Accepted Answer

A)  It announces to the males that she is in heat. 
B)  Female cats that did this in the past attracted more males. 
C)  It is a result of hormonal changes associated with her reproductive cycle. 
D)  The female cat learned the behavior from observing other cats. 
A)  It announces to the males that she is in heat. 
B)  Female cats that did this in the past attracted more males. 
C)  It is a result of hormonal changes associated with her reproductive cycle. 
D)  The female cat learned the behavior from observing other cats. C

Question 4

Animals use pheromones to communicate

Accepted Answer

A)  only reproductive readiness. 
B)  only species recognition. 
C)  only gender recognition. 
D)  only danger. 
E)  reproductive readiness, species recognition, gender recognition, and danger. 
A)  only reproductive readiness. 
B)  only species recognition. 
C)  only gender recognition. 
D)  only danger. 
E)  reproductive readiness, species recognition, gender recognition, and danger.

Question 5

The calcium ions released into the cytosol during excitation of skeletal muscle bind to

Accepted Answer

A)  troponin. 
B)  tropomyosin. 
C)  actin. 
D)  myosin. 
E)  transverse tubules. 
A)  troponin. 
B)  tropomyosin. 
C)  actin. 
D)  myosin. 
E)  transverse tubules.

Question 6

Male stalk-eyed flies compete with other males in order to attract female attention. What kind of mating behavior is this an example of?

Accepted Answer

A)  intersexual selection 
B)  intrasexual selection 
C)  polygamy 
D)  monogamy 
A)  intersexual selection 
B)  intrasexual selection 
C)  polygamy 
D)  monogamy

Question 7

A female cat in heat urinates more often and in many places. Male cats congregate near the urine deposits and fight with each other. Which of the following would be an ultimate cause of the male cats' response to the female's urinating behavior?

Accepted Answer

A)  The males have learned to recognize the specific odor of the urine of a female in heat. 
B)  When the males smelled the odor, various neurons in their brains were stimulated. 
C)  Responding to the odor means locating reproductively receptive females. 
D)  Male cats' hormones are triggered by the odor released by the female. 
E)  The odor serves as a releaser for the instinctive behavior of the males. 
A)  The males have learned to recognize the specific odor of the urine of a female in heat. 
B)  When the males smelled the odor, various neurons in their brains were stimulated. 
C)  Responding to the odor means locating reproductively receptive females. 
D)  Male cats' hormones are triggered by the odor released by the female. 
E)  The odor serves as a releaser for the instinctive behavior of the males.

Question 8

Upon observing a golden eagle flying overhead, a prairie dog on "guard duty" gives a warning call to other members of the prairie dog community that are foraging. What form of animal behavior is this?

Accepted Answer

A)  associative learning 
B)  innate behavior 
C)  imprinting 
D)  altruistic behavior 
E)  agonistic behavior 
A)  associative learning 
B)  innate behavior 
C)  imprinting 
D)  altruistic behavior 
E)  agonistic behavior

Question 9

Animals that help other animals of the same species

Accepted Answer

A)  have excess energy reserves. 
B)  are bigger and stronger than the other animals. 
C)  are usually related to the other animals. 
D)  are always male. 
A)  have excess energy reserves. 
B)  are bigger and stronger than the other animals. 
C)  are usually related to the other animals. 
D)  are always male.

Question 10

Animal communication involves what type of sensory information?

Accepted Answer

A)  visual only 
B)  auditory only 
C)  olfactory only 
D)  tactile only 
E)  visual, auditory, olfactory, and tactile 
A)  visual only 
B)  auditory only 
C)  olfactory only 
D)  tactile only 
E)  visual, auditory, olfactory, and tactile

Question 11

Which of the following statements about the evolution of behavior is correct?

Accepted Answer

A)  Natural selection will favor behavior that enhances survival and reproduction. 
B)  An animal may show behavior that minimizes reproductive fitness. 
C)  If a behavior is less than optimal, it will eventually become optimal through natural selection. 
D)  Innate behaviors can never be altered by natural selection. 
A)  Natural selection will favor behavior that enhances survival and reproduction. 
B)  An animal may show behavior that minimizes reproductive fitness. 
C)  If a behavior is less than optimal, it will eventually become optimal through natural selection. 
D)  Innate behaviors can never be altered by natural selection.

Question 12

Which of the following is the correct sequence that describes the excitation and contraction of a skeletal muscle fiber?
1) Tropomyosin moves and uncovers the cross-bridge binding sites.
2) Calcium is released and binds to the troponin complex.
3) Transverse tubules depolarize the sarcoplasmic reticulum.
4) The thin filaments are ratcheted across the thick filaments by the heads of the myosin molecules using energy from ATP.
5) An action potential in a motor neuron causes the axon to release acetylcholine, which depolarizes the muscle cell membrane.

Accepted Answer

A)  1 → 2 → 3 → 4 → 5 
B)  2 → 1 → 3 → 5 → 4 
C)  2 → 3 → 4 → 1 → 5 
D)  5 → 3 → 1 → 2 → 4 
E)  5 → 3 → 2 → 1 → 4 
A)  1 → 2 → 3 → 4 → 5 
B)  2 → 1 → 3 → 5 → 4 
C)  2 → 3 → 4 → 1 → 5 
D)  5 → 3 → 1 → 2 → 4 
E)  5 → 3 → 2 → 1 → 4

Question 13

Calcium ions initiate sliding of filaments in skeletal muscles by

Accepted Answer

A)  breaking the actin-myosin cross-bridges. 
B)  binding to the troponin complex, which causes tropomyosin to move and thus expose myosin-binding sites. 
C)  transmitting action potentials across the neuromuscular junction. 
D)  spreading action potentials through the T tubules. 
E)  reestablishing the resting membrane potential following an action potential. 
A)  breaking the actin-myosin cross-bridges. 
B)  binding to the troponin complex, which causes tropomyosin to move and thus expose myosin-binding sites. 
C)  transmitting action potentials across the neuromuscular junction. 
D)  spreading action potentials through the T tubules. 
E)  reestablishing the resting membrane potential following an action potential.

Question 14

Fred and Joe, two unrelated, mature male gorillas, encounter one another. Fred is courting a female. Fred grunts as Joe comes near. As Joe continues to advance, Fred begins drumming (pounding his chest) and bares his teeth. Joe then rolls on the ground on his back, gets up, and quickly leaves. This behavioral pattern is repeated several times during the mating season. Choose the most specific behavior described by this example.

Accepted Answer

A)  agonistic behavior 
B)  spatial behavior 
C)  associative behavior 
D)  innate behavior 
A)  agonistic behavior 
B)  spatial behavior 
C)  associative behavior 
D)  innate behavior

Question 15

Although many chimpanzees live in environments with oil palm nuts, members of only a few populations use stones to crack open the nuts. The likely explanation is that

Accepted Answer

A)  the behavioral difference is caused by genetic differences between populations. 
B)  members of different populations have different nutritional requirements. 
C)  the cultural tradition of using stones to crack nuts has arisen in only some populations. 
D)  members of different populations differ in learning ability. 
A)  the behavioral difference is caused by genetic differences between populations. 
B)  members of different populations have different nutritional requirements. 
C)  the cultural tradition of using stones to crack nuts has arisen in only some populations. 
D)  members of different populations differ in learning ability.

Question 16

Figure 39.2
The most energetically efficient locomotion per unit mass is likely

Accepted Answer

A)  running by a 50-gram rodent. 
B)  running by a 40-kg ungulate. 
C)  flying by a 100-g bird. 
D)  swimming by a 10-g minnow (bony fish). 
E)  swimming by a 100-kg tuna (bony fish). 
A)  running by a 50-gram rodent. 
B)  running by a 40-kg ungulate. 
C)  flying by a 100-g bird. 
D)  swimming by a 10-g minnow (bony fish). 
E)  swimming by a 100-kg tuna (bony fish).

Question 17

Which of the following is not required for a behavioral trait to evolve by natural selection?

Accepted Answer

A)  The form of the behavior is determined entirely by genes. 
B)  The behavior varies among individuals. 
C)  An individual's reproductive success depends in part on how the behavior is performed. 
D)  Some component of the behavior is genetically inherited. 
A)  The form of the behavior is determined entirely by genes. 
B)  The behavior varies among individuals. 
C)  An individual's reproductive success depends in part on how the behavior is performed. 
D)  Some component of the behavior is genetically inherited.

Question 18

A skeleton that consists of fluid held under pressure in a closed body compartment is known as a(n)

Accepted Answer

A)  endoskeleton. 
B)  exoskeleton. 
C)  hydrostatic skeleton. 
D)  cuticle. 
A)  endoskeleton. 
B)  exoskeleton. 
C)  hydrostatic skeleton. 
D)  cuticle.

Question 19

What bones unite to form the elbow joint in humans?

Accepted Answer

A)  humerus and ulna only 
B)  humerus and radius only 
C)  radius and ulna only 
D)  humerus, radius, and ulna 
A)  humerus and ulna only 
B)  humerus and radius only 
C)  radius and ulna only 
D)  humerus, radius, and ulna

Question 20

A cage containing male mosquitoes has a small earphone placed on top through which the sound of a female mosquito is played. All the males immediately fly to the earphone and go through all of the steps of copulation. What is the best explanation for this behavior?

Accepted Answer

A)  The males learned to associate the sound with females. 
B)  Copulation is a fixed action pattern, and the female flight sound is a sign stimulus that initiates it. 
C)  The sound is a form of a visual signal, which causes the males to attempt to mate. 
D)  The reproductive drive is so strong that when males are deprived of females, they will attempt to mate with anything that has even the slightest female characteristic. 
A)  The males learned to associate the sound with females. 
B)  Copulation is a fixed action pattern, and the female flight sound is a sign stimulus that initiates it. 
C)  The sound is a form of a visual signal, which causes the males to attempt to mate. 
D)  The reproductive drive is so strong that when males are deprived of females, they will attempt to mate with anything that has even the slightest female characteristic.

Exam 39: Motor Mechanisms and Behavior

The hydrostatic skeleton of the earthworm allows it to move around in its environment by

The proximate causes of behavior are interactions with the environment, but behavior is ultimately shaped by

A female cat in heat urinates more often and in many places. Male cats are attracted to the urine deposits. Which of the following is a proximate cause of this increased urination?

Animals use pheromones to communicate

The calcium ions released into the cytosol during excitation of skeletal muscle bind to

Male stalk-eyed flies compete with other males in order to attract female attention. What kind of mating behavior is this an example of?

A female cat in heat urinates more often and in many places. Male cats congregate near the urine deposits and fight with each other. Which of the following would be an ultimate cause of the male cats' response to the female's urinating behavior?

Upon observing a golden eagle flying overhead, a prairie dog on "guard duty" gives a warning call to other members of the prairie dog community that are foraging. What form of animal behavior is this?

Animals that help other animals of the same species

Animal communication involves what type of sensory information?

Which of the following statements about the evolution of behavior is correct?

Calcium ions initiate sliding of filaments in skeletal muscles by

Although many chimpanzees live in environments with oil palm nuts, members of only a few populations use stones to crack open the nuts. The likely explanation is that

Figure 39.2 The most energetically efficient locomotion per unit mass is likely

Which of the following is not required for a behavioral trait to evolve by natural selection?

A skeleton that consists of fluid held under pressure in a closed body compartment is known as a(n)

What bones unite to form the elbow joint in humans?

A cage containing male mosquitoes has a small earphone placed on top through which the sound of a female mosquito is played. All the males immediately fly to the earphone and go through all of the steps of copulation. What is the best explanation for this behavior?

Introduction: Evolution and the Foundations of Biology

The Chemical Context of Life

Carbon and the Molecular Diversity of Life

A Tour of the Cell

Membrane Transport and Cell Signaling

An Introduction to Metabolism

Cellular Respiration and Fermentation

Photosynthesis

The Cell Cycle

Meiosis and Sexual Life Cycles

Mendel and the Gene Idea

The Chromosomal Basis of Inheritance

The Molecular Basis of Inheritance

Gene Expression: From Gene to Protein

Regulation of Gene Expression

Development, Stem Cells, and Cancer

Viruses

Genomes and Their Evolution

Descent With Modification

Phylogeny

The Evolution of Populations

The Origin of Species

Broad Patterns of Evolution

Early Life and the Diversification of Prokaryotes

The Origin and Diversification of Eukaryotes

The Colonization of Land by Plants and Fungi

The Rise of Animal Diversity

Plant Structure and Growth

Resource Acquisition, Nutrition, and Transport in Vascular Plants

Reproduction and Domestication of Flowering Plants

Plant Responses to Internal and External Signals

Homeostasis and Endocrine Signaling

Animal Nutrition

Circulation and Gas Exchange

The Immune System

Reproduction and Development

Neurons, Synapses, and Signaling

Nervous and Sensory Systems

Population Ecology and the Distribution of Organisms

Species Interactions

Ecosystems and Energy

Global Ecology and Conservation Biology

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