Question 1

What characteristic of short tandem repeat DNA makes it useful for DNA fingerprinting?

Accepted Answer

A)  The number of repeats varies widely from person to person or animal to animal. 
B)  The sequence of DNA that is repeated varies significantly from individual to individual. 
C)  The sequence variation is acted upon differently by natural selection in different environments. 
D)  Every racial and ethnic group has inherited different short tandem repeats. 
A)  The number of repeats varies widely from person to person or animal to animal. 
B)  The sequence of DNA that is repeated varies significantly from individual to individual. 
C)  The sequence variation is acted upon differently by natural selection in different environments. 
D)  Every racial and ethnic group has inherited different short tandem repeats. A

Question 2

Unequal crossing over during prophase I can result in one sister chromosome with a deletion and another with a duplication. A mutated form of hemoglobin, so-called hemoglobin Lepore, exists in the human population. Hemoglobin Lepore has a deleted series of amino acids. If this mutated form was caused by unequal crossing over, what would be an expected consequence?

Accepted Answer

A)  There should also be persons whose hemoglobin contains two copies of the series of amino acids that is deleted in hemoglobin Lepore. 
B)  Each of the genes in the hemoglobin gene family must show the same deletion. 
C)  The deleted gene must have undergone exon shuffling. 
D)  The deleted region must be located in a different area of the individual's genome. 
A)  There should also be persons whose hemoglobin contains two copies of the series of amino acids that is deleted in hemoglobin Lepore. 
B)  Each of the genes in the hemoglobin gene family must show the same deletion. 
C)  The deleted gene must have undergone exon shuffling. 
D)  The deleted region must be located in a different area of the individual's genome. A

Question 3

Please use the following information to answer the question(s) below.
Multigene families include two or more nearly identical genes or genes sharing nearly identical sequences. A classical example is the set of genes for globin molecules, including genes on human chromosomes 11 and 16.
-Several of the different globin genes are expressed in humans, but at different times in development. What mechanism could allow for this?

Accepted Answer

A)  exon shuffling 
B)  intron activation 
C)  differential translation of mRNAs 
D)  differential gene regulation over time 
A)  exon shuffling 
B)  intron activation 
C)  differential translation of mRNAs 
D)  differential gene regulation over time D

Question 4

Homeotic genes contain a homeobox sequence that is highly conserved among very diverse species. The homeobox is the code for that domain of a protein that binds to DNA to regulate development of the embryo. The selective expression of homeotic genes, over time and space, is central to pattern formation during development. Based on this information, which of the following statements would you expect to be correct?

Accepted Answer

A)  Homeotic genes are selectively expressed over space and time during development. 
B)  A homeobox-containing gene has to be a developmental regulator. 
C)  Homeoboxes cannot be expressed in nonhomeotic genes. 
D)  All organisms must have homeotic genes. 
A)  Homeotic genes are selectively expressed over space and time during development. 
B)  A homeobox-containing gene has to be a developmental regulator. 
C)  Homeoboxes cannot be expressed in nonhomeotic genes. 
D)  All organisms must have homeotic genes.

Question 5

What might be the most reasonable approach to determine the probable function of a particular sequence of DNA in humans?

Accepted Answer

A)  Genetically engineer a mouse with a copy of this sequence and examine its phenotype. 
B)  Look for a reasonably identical sequence in another species, prepare a knockout of this sequence in that species, and look for the consequences. 
C)  Prepare a genetically engineered bacterial culture with the sequence inserted and assess which new protein is synthesized. 
D)  Mate two individuals heterozygous for the normal and mutated sequences. 
A)  Genetically engineer a mouse with a copy of this sequence and examine its phenotype. 
B)  Look for a reasonably identical sequence in another species, prepare a knockout of this sequence in that species, and look for the consequences. 
C)  Prepare a genetically engineered bacterial culture with the sequence inserted and assess which new protein is synthesized. 
D)  Mate two individuals heterozygous for the normal and mutated sequences.

Question 6

What is bioinformatics?

Accepted Answer

A)  a technique using three-dimensional images of genes to predict how and when they will be expressed 
B)  the application of computational methods to the storage and analysis of biological data 
C)  software programs available from NIH to design and synthesize genes 
D)  a procedure that uses software to order DNA sequences in a variety of comparable ways 
A)  a technique using three-dimensional images of genes to predict how and when they will be expressed 
B)  the application of computational methods to the storage and analysis of biological data 
C)  software programs available from NIH to design and synthesize genes 
D)  a procedure that uses software to order DNA sequences in a variety of comparable ways

Question 7

Figure 18.1
Types of DNA sequences in the human genome.
The pie chart in Figure 18.1 represents the relative frequencies of the following in the human genome:
I. repetitive DNA unrelated to transposons
II. repetitive DNA that includes transposons
III. unique noncoding DNA
IV. introns and regulatory sequences
V. exons
-Which region is occupied by exons only (V)?

Accepted Answer

A)  A 
B)  B 
C)  C 
D)  D 
E)  E 
A)  A 
B)  B 
C)  C 
D)  D 
E)  E

Question 8

Please use the following information to answer the question(s) below.
Multigene families include two or more nearly identical genes or genes sharing nearly identical sequences. A classical example is the set of genes for globin molecules, including genes on human chromosomes 11 and 16.
-Homeotic genes

Accepted Answer

A)  encode transcription factors that control the expression of genes responsible for specific anatomical structures. 
B)  are found only in Drosophila and other arthropods. 
C)  are the only genes that contain the homeobox domain. 
D)  encode proteins that form anatomical structures in the fly. 
A)  encode transcription factors that control the expression of genes responsible for specific anatomical structures. 
B)  are found only in Drosophila and other arthropods. 
C)  are the only genes that contain the homeobox domain. 
D)  encode proteins that form anatomical structures in the fly.

Question 9

Which of the following statements most correctly describes the whole-genome shotgun technique for sequencing a genome?

Accepted Answer

A)  genetic mapping followed immediately by sequencing 
B)  physical mapping followed immediately by sequencing 
C)  cloning fragments from many copies of an entire chromosome, sequencing the fragments, and then ordering the sequences 
D)  cloning the whole genome directly, from one end to the other 
A)  genetic mapping followed immediately by sequencing 
B)  physical mapping followed immediately by sequencing 
C)  cloning fragments from many copies of an entire chromosome, sequencing the fragments, and then ordering the sequences 
D)  cloning the whole genome directly, from one end to the other

Question 10

Which of the following statements provides a correct representation of gene density?

Accepted Answer

A)  Humans have 2,900 Mb per genome. 
B)  C. elegans has ~20,000 genes. 
C)  Humans have ~20,000 genes in 3,000 Mb. 
D)  Humans have 27,000 bp in introns. 
A)  Humans have 2,900 Mb per genome. 
B)  C. elegans has ~20,000 genes. 
C)  Humans have ~20,000 genes in 3,000 Mb. 
D)  Humans have 27,000 bp in introns.

Question 11

Figure 18.1
Types of DNA sequences in the human genome.
The pie chart in Figure 18.1 represents the relative frequencies of the following in the human genome:
I. repetitive DNA unrelated to transposons
II. repetitive DNA that includes transposons
III. unique noncoding DNA
IV. introns and regulatory sequences
V. exons
-Which region includes Alu elements and LI sequences?

Accepted Answer

A)  A 
B)  B 
C)  C 
D)  D 
E)  E 
A)  A 
B)  B 
C)  C 
D)  D 
E)  E

Question 12

Which of the following genomic components can be duplicated in a genome?

Accepted Answer

A)  DNA sequences below a minimum size only 
B)  entire chromosomes only 
C)  entire sets of chromosomes only 
D)  sequences, chromosomes, or sets of chromosomes 
A)  DNA sequences below a minimum size only 
B)  entire chromosomes only 
C)  entire sets of chromosomes only 
D)  sequences, chromosomes, or sets of chromosomes

Question 13

What is metagenomics?

Accepted Answer

A)  genomics as applied to a species that most typifies the average phenotype of its genus 
B)  the sequence of one or two representative genes from several species 
C)  the sequencing of only the most highly conserved genes in a lineage 
D)  sequencing DNA from a group of species from the same ecosystem 
A)  genomics as applied to a species that most typifies the average phenotype of its genus 
B)  the sequence of one or two representative genes from several species 
C)  the sequencing of only the most highly conserved genes in a lineage 
D)  sequencing DNA from a group of species from the same ecosystem

Question 14

What is proteomics?

Accepted Answer

A)  the linkage of each gene to a particular protein 
B)  the study of the full protein set encoded by a genome 
C)  the totality of the functional possibilities of a single protein 
D)  the study of how a single gene activates many proteins 
A)  the linkage of each gene to a particular protein 
B)  the study of the full protein set encoded by a genome 
C)  the totality of the functional possibilities of a single protein 
D)  the study of how a single gene activates many proteins

Question 15

Figure 18.2
-Figure 18.2 shows a diagram of blocks of genes on human chromosome 16 and the locations of blocks of similar genes on four chromosomes of the mouse. Which of the following descriptions represents another example of the same phenomenon that is responsible for the rearrangements depicted in Figure 18.2?

Accepted Answer

A)  the apparent centric fusion between two chromosome pairs of primates such as chimpanzees to form the ancestor of human chromosome 2 
B)  the difference in the numbers of chromosomes in five species of one genus of birds 
C)  the formation of several pseudogenes in the globin gene family subsequent to human divergence from other primates 
D)  the high frequency of polyploidy in many species of angiosperms 
A)  the apparent centric fusion between two chromosome pairs of primates such as chimpanzees to form the ancestor of human chromosome 2 
B)  the difference in the numbers of chromosomes in five species of one genus of birds 
C)  the formation of several pseudogenes in the globin gene family subsequent to human divergence from other primates 
D)  the high frequency of polyploidy in many species of angiosperms

Question 16

Figure 18.2
-Figure 18.2 shows a diagram of blocks of genes on human chromosome 16 and the locations of blocks of similar genes on four chromosomes of the mouse. What does the movement of these blocks in the genomes suggest?

Accepted Answer

A)  During evolutionary time, these sequences have separated and have returned to their original positions. 
B)  DNA sequences within these blocks have become increasingly divergent. 
C)  Sequences represented have duplicated at least three times. 
D)  Chromosomal translocations have moved blocks of sequences to other chromosomes. 
A)  During evolutionary time, these sequences have separated and have returned to their original positions. 
B)  DNA sequences within these blocks have become increasingly divergent. 
C)  Sequences represented have duplicated at least three times. 
D)  Chromosomal translocations have moved blocks of sequences to other chromosomes.

Question 17

Please use the following information to answer the question(s) below.
Multigene families include two or more nearly identical genes or genes sharing nearly identical sequences. A classical example is the set of genes for globin molecules, including genes on human chromosomes 11 and 16.
-Two eukaryotic proteins have one domain in common but are otherwise very different. Which of the following processes is most likely to have contributed to this similarity?

Accepted Answer

A)  gene duplication 
B)  alternative splicing 
C)  exon shuffling 
D)  random point mutations 
A)  gene duplication 
B)  alternative splicing 
C)  exon shuffling 
D)  random point mutations

Question 18

Which of the following statements correctly describes a multigene family?

Accepted Answer

A)  It is composed of multiple genes whose products must be coordinately expressed. 
B)  It is made up of genes whose sequences are very similar and that probably arose by duplication. 
C)  It contains many tandem repeats such as those found in centromeres and telomeres. 
D)  It consists of a gene whose exons can be spliced in a number of different ways. 
A)  It is composed of multiple genes whose products must be coordinately expressed. 
B)  It is made up of genes whose sequences are very similar and that probably arose by duplication. 
C)  It contains many tandem repeats such as those found in centromeres and telomeres. 
D)  It consists of a gene whose exons can be spliced in a number of different ways.

Question 19

Fragments of DNA have been extracted from the remnants of extinct woolly mammoths, amplified, and sequenced. How might these fragments be used now?

Accepted Answer

A)  They may be introduced into relatives, such as elephants, to recreate certain mammoth traits. 
B)  They may be used to clone live woolly mammoths. 
C)  They may help study the relationships among woolly mammoths and other wool producers. 
D)  They may help us to understand the evolutionary relationships among members of related taxa. 
A)  They may be introduced into relatives, such as elephants, to recreate certain mammoth traits. 
B)  They may be used to clone live woolly mammoths. 
C)  They may help study the relationships among woolly mammoths and other wool producers. 
D)  They may help us to understand the evolutionary relationships among members of related taxa.

Question 20

In humans, the embryonic and fetal forms of hemoglobin have a higher affinity for oxygen than that of adults. Why is this the case?

Accepted Answer

A)  Nonidentical genes produce different versions of globins during development. 
B)  Identical genes generate many copies of the ribosomes needed for fetal globin production. 
C)  Pseudogenes interfere with gene expression in adults. 
D)  The attachment of methyl groups to cytosine following birth changes the type of hemoglobin produced. 
A)  Nonidentical genes produce different versions of globins during development. 
B)  Identical genes generate many copies of the ribosomes needed for fetal globin production. 
C)  Pseudogenes interfere with gene expression in adults. 
D)  The attachment of methyl groups to cytosine following birth changes the type of hemoglobin produced.

Exam 18: Genomes and Their Evolution

What characteristic of short tandem repeat DNA makes it useful for DNA fingerprinting?

What might be the most reasonable approach to determine the probable function of a particular sequence of DNA in humans?

What is bioinformatics?

Which of the following statements most correctly describes the whole-genome shotgun technique for sequencing a genome?

Which of the following statements provides a correct representation of gene density?

Which of the following genomic components can be duplicated in a genome?

What is metagenomics?

What is proteomics?

Figure 18.2 -Figure 18.2 shows a diagram of blocks of genes on human chromosome 16 and the locations of blocks of similar genes on four chromosomes of the mouse. What does the movement of these blocks in the genomes suggest?

Which of the following statements correctly describes a multigene family?

Fragments of DNA have been extracted from the remnants of extinct woolly mammoths, amplified, and sequenced. How might these fragments be used now?

In humans, the embryonic and fetal forms of hemoglobin have a higher affinity for oxygen than that of adults. Why is this the case?

Introduction: Evolution and the Foundations of Biology

The Chemical Context of Life

Carbon and the Molecular Diversity of Life

A Tour of the Cell

Membrane Transport and Cell Signaling

An Introduction to Metabolism

Cellular Respiration and Fermentation

Photosynthesis

The Cell Cycle

Meiosis and Sexual Life Cycles

Mendel and the Gene Idea

The Chromosomal Basis of Inheritance

The Molecular Basis of Inheritance

Gene Expression: From Gene to Protein

Regulation of Gene Expression

Development, Stem Cells, and Cancer

Viruses

Descent With Modification

Phylogeny

The Evolution of Populations

The Origin of Species

Broad Patterns of Evolution

Early Life and the Diversification of Prokaryotes

The Origin and Diversification of Eukaryotes

The Colonization of Land by Plants and Fungi

The Rise of Animal Diversity

Plant Structure and Growth

Resource Acquisition, Nutrition, and Transport in Vascular Plants

Reproduction and Domestication of Flowering Plants

Plant Responses to Internal and External Signals

Homeostasis and Endocrine Signaling

Animal Nutrition

Circulation and Gas Exchange

The Immune System

Reproduction and Development

Neurons, Synapses, and Signaling

Nervous and Sensory Systems

Motor Mechanisms and Behavior

Population Ecology and the Distribution of Organisms

Species Interactions

Ecosystems and Energy

Global Ecology and Conservation Biology

Filters