Question 1

Which of the following would be considered an advantageous mutation?

Accepted Answer

A) a mutation that makes an individual more visible to predators 
B) a mutation that increases an organism's ability to find food 
C) a mutation that decreases the offspring's chance of survival 
D) a mutation that changes hair color in humans 
E) a mutation that causes increased susceptibility to a disease 
A) a mutation that makes an individual more visible to predators 
B) a mutation that increases an organism's ability to find food 
C) a mutation that decreases the offspring's chance of survival 
D) a mutation that changes hair color in humans 
E) a mutation that causes increased susceptibility to a disease

Question 2

Mutations are the ultimate source of genetic variation. However, they usually occur at very low frequency. Assume a mutation resulting in a novel allele occurs in a gene of one individual in a population of 500 diploid individuals. The allele has no effect on the fitness of the individual carrying the mutation. How long will it take for the allele to reach a frequency of 0.5 in the population?

Accepted Answer

A) It cannot reach a frequency of 0.5. It will eventually reach a frequency of 0.33 because the mutation means that there are three alleles at this locus in the population. 
B) It will eventually reach a frequency of 0.5, but a frequency of 0.5 will depend on the generation time for the individuals in the population. 
C) It could eventually reach a frequency of 0.5 or be fixed or lost from the population, but that will be a random effect based on the population and its size. 
D) It can only reach a frequency of 0.5 if it somehow confers a selective advantage on the individual with the mutation. 
A) It cannot reach a frequency of 0.5. It will eventually reach a frequency of 0.33 because the mutation means that there are three alleles at this locus in the population. 
B) It will eventually reach a frequency of 0.5, but a frequency of 0.5 will depend on the generation time for the individuals in the population. 
C) It could eventually reach a frequency of 0.5 or be fixed or lost from the population, but that will be a random effect based on the population and its size. 
D) It can only reach a frequency of 0.5 if it somehow confers a selective advantage on the individual with the mutation.

Question 3

Which of the following reflects a difference in fitness among individuals in a population?

Accepted Answer

A) All individuals in the population have the same number of offspring. 
B) All offspring born in the population come from 25% of the females in the population. 
C) Males in the population have large horns on their heads to attract females. 
D) Males in the population all sire equal numbers of offspring. 
A) All individuals in the population have the same number of offspring. 
B) All offspring born in the population come from 25% of the females in the population. 
C) Males in the population have large horns on their heads to attract females. 
D) Males in the population all sire equal numbers of offspring.

Question 4

If there is inbreeding in a population, which of the following would you expect to observe with respect to allele frequencies and genotype frequencies?

Accepted Answer

A) allele frequencies would change, genotype frequencies would change 
B) allele frequencies would change, genotype frequencies would not change 
C) allele frequencies would not change, genotype frequencies would change 
D) allele frequencies would not change, genotype frequencies would not change 
A) allele frequencies would change, genotype frequencies would change 
B) allele frequencies would change, genotype frequencies would not change 
C) allele frequencies would not change, genotype frequencies would change 
D) allele frequencies would not change, genotype frequencies would not change

Question 5

Because one of the conditions of Hardy-Weinberg equilibrium is to have a large population, small populations, by definition, violate that principle. Why is that important?

Accepted Answer

Because small populations are more subje

Question 6

The allele frequency of all the alleles of a gene present in the population must add up to 1.

Accepted Answer

A) True 
 B)False

Question 7

You find that a wild population of antelope is not in Hardy-Weinberg equilibrium. From this information alone, can you determine the mechanism of evolution operating on the population?

Accepted Answer

A) yes 
B) no 
A) yes 
B) no

Question 8

As a population geneticist, you find a species of snails with more genetic diversity than humans. What does this mean?

Accepted Answer

A) The snails have more genes on their chromosomes than humans. 
B) There is more variety in the gene pool of snails than humans. 
C) The snails have more DNA than humans. 
D) The snails have more mutations occurring than humans. 
E) There is not enough information provided to answer this question. 
A) The snails have more genes on their chromosomes than humans. 
B) There is more variety in the gene pool of snails than humans. 
C) The snails have more DNA than humans. 
D) The snails have more mutations occurring than humans. 
E) There is not enough information provided to answer this question.

Question 9

The term "modern synthesis" refers to:

Accepted Answer

A) the synthesis of Darwin's ideas about evolution with Malthus's ideas about population growth. 
B) the synthesis of Darwin's and Wallace's independently developed ideas about natural selection and adaptation. 
C) the synthesis of Darwin's ideas about natural selection and Mendelian genetics. 
D) the synthesis of Darwin's ideas about natural selection and modern DNA sequencing technology. 
E) All of these choices are correct. 
A) the synthesis of Darwin's ideas about evolution with Malthus's ideas about population growth. 
B) the synthesis of Darwin's and Wallace's independently developed ideas about natural selection and adaptation. 
C) the synthesis of Darwin's ideas about natural selection and Mendelian genetics. 
D) the synthesis of Darwin's ideas about natural selection and modern DNA sequencing technology. 
E) All of these choices are correct.

Question 10

Sexual selection always favors:

Accepted Answer

A) large males. 
B) ornamentation such as bright feathers in male birds. 
C) traits that reduce an individual's survival. 
D) traits that increase an individual's access to reproductive opportunities. 
E) All of these choices are correct. 
A) large males. 
B) ornamentation such as bright feathers in male birds. 
C) traits that reduce an individual's survival. 
D) traits that increase an individual's access to reproductive opportunities. 
E) All of these choices are correct.

Question 11

Allele frequency can be measured using what technique?

Accepted Answer

A) observation of phenotype 
B) gel electrophoresis 
C) DNA sequencing 
D) All of these choices are correct. 
A) observation of phenotype 
B) gel electrophoresis 
C) DNA sequencing 
D) All of these choices are correct.

Question 12

You are given the following information about a population: • There are two alleles: C and c.
• C codes for green hair and c codes for white hair.
• C is dominant over c.
• The frequency of the c allele is 0.3.
• The population is comprised of 100 individuals.
Assuming the population is in Hardy-Weinberg equilibrium, how many individuals have green hair?

Accepted Answer

A) 49% of the population will have green hair. 
B) 81% of the population will have green hair. 
C) 9% of the population will have green hair. 
D) 51% of the population will have green hair. 
A) 49% of the population will have green hair. 
B) 81% of the population will have green hair. 
C) 9% of the population will have green hair. 
D) 51% of the population will have green hair.

Question 13

At the genetic level, evolution is:

Accepted Answer

A) a change in fitness over time. 
B) a population change over time. 
C) a change in the frequency of an allele or genotype over time. 
D) an increase in fitness over time. 
E) natural selection. 
A) a change in fitness over time. 
B) a population change over time. 
C) a change in the frequency of an allele or genotype over time. 
D) an increase in fitness over time. 
E) natural selection.

Question 14

How can evolution of a population occur without changing the allele frequency of a trait within the population?

Accepted Answer

A) There is no mutation. 
B) More organisms enter the gene pool. 
C) The genotype frequencies of the population change over time. 
D) The population is small. 
A) There is no mutation. 
B) More organisms enter the gene pool. 
C) The genotype frequencies of the population change over time. 
D) The population is small.

Question 15

In a population of Mendel's garden peas, the frequency of dominant yellow-flowered plants is 50%. The population is in Hardy-Weinberg equilibrium. From this information alone, can you determine the allele frequencies (A = p and a = q)? Why or why not?

Accepted Answer

No. The dominant phenotype can

Question 16

Natural selection that increases the frequency of a favorable allele is called:

Accepted Answer

A) positive selection. 
B) balancing selection. 
C) sexual selection. 
A) positive selection. 
B) balancing selection. 
C) sexual selection.

Question 17

What term CORRECTLY describes change in allele frequency due to random effect of a small population?

Accepted Answer

A) mutation 
B) selection 
C) nonrandom mating 
D) genetic drift 
E) immigration 
A) mutation 
B) selection 
C) nonrandom mating 
D) genetic drift 
E) immigration

Question 18

Genetic drift has an especially significant effect in what kind of populations?

Accepted Answer

A) populations that are large 
B) populations that are small 
C) populations with high genetic variability 
D) populations that are in Hardy-Weinberg equilibrium 
E) populations that are migrating 
A) populations that are large 
B) populations that are small 
C) populations with high genetic variability 
D) populations that are in Hardy-Weinberg equilibrium 
E) populations that are migrating

Question 19

In general, in a sample of n individuals, the frequency of an allele is:

Accepted Answer

A) the number of occurrences of the allele. 
B) the number of occurrences of the allele divided by n. 
C) n) 
D) the number of occurrences of the allele divided by twice the number of individuals in the sample (2n). 
E) twice the number of occurrences of the allele divided by n. 
A) the number of occurrences of the allele. 
B) the number of occurrences of the allele divided by n. 
C) n) 
D) the number of occurrences of the allele divided by twice the number of individuals in the sample (2n). 
E) twice the number of occurrences of the allele divided by n.

Question 20

Consider a population of killer whales. The gene pool of this population would only contain alleles harboring beneficial or neutral mutations, as deleterious mutations are efficiently eliminated from the gene pool of a species.

Accepted Answer

A) True 
 B)False

Exam 21: Evolution: How Genotypes and Phenotypes Change Over Time

Which of the following would be considered an advantageous mutation?

Which of the following reflects a difference in fitness among individuals in a population?

If there is inbreeding in a population, which of the following would you expect to observe with respect to allele frequencies and genotype frequencies?

Because one of the conditions of Hardy-Weinberg equilibrium is to have a large population, small populations, by definition, violate that principle. Why is that important?

The allele frequency of all the alleles of a gene present in the population must add up to 1.

You find that a wild population of antelope is not in Hardy-Weinberg equilibrium. From this information alone, can you determine the mechanism of evolution operating on the population?

As a population geneticist, you find a species of snails with more genetic diversity than humans. What does this mean?

The term "modern synthesis" refers to:

Sexual selection always favors:

Allele frequency can be measured using what technique?

At the genetic level, evolution is:

How can evolution of a population occur without changing the allele frequency of a trait within the population?

In a population of Mendel's garden peas, the frequency of dominant yellow-flowered plants is 50%. The population is in Hardy-Weinberg equilibrium. From this information alone, can you determine the allele frequencies (A = p and a = q)? Why or why not?

Natural selection that increases the frequency of a favorable allele is called:

What term CORRECTLY describes change in allele frequency due to random effect of a small population?

Genetic drift has an especially significant effect in what kind of populations?

In general, in a sample of n individuals, the frequency of an allele is:

Consider a population of killer whales. The gene pool of this population would only contain alleles harboring beneficial or neutral mutations, as deleterious mutations are efficiently eliminated from the gene pool of a species.

Life: Chemical, Cellular, and Evolutionary Foundations

The Molecules of Life

Nucleic Acids and Transcription

Translation and Protein Structure

Organizing Principles: Lipids, Membranes, and Cell Compartments

Making Life Work: Capturing and Using Energy

Cellular Respiration: Harvesting Energy From Carbohydrates and Other Fuel Molecules

Photosynthesis: Using Sunlight to Build Carbohydrates

Cell Signaling

Cell and Tissue Architecture: Cytoskeleton, Cell Junctions, and Extracellular Matrix

Cell Division: Variations, Regulation, and Cancer

Dna Replication and Manipulation

Genomes

Mutation and Dna Repair

Genetic Variation

Mendelian Inheritance

Inheritance of Sex Chromosomes, Linked Genes, and Organelles

The Genetic and Environmental Basis of Complex Traits

Genetic and Epigenetic Regulation

Genes and Development

Species and Speciation

Evolutionary Patterns: Phylogeny and Fossils

Human Origins and Evolution

Cycling Carbon

Bacteria and Archaea

Eukaryotic Cells: Origins and Diversity

Being Multicellular

Plant Structure and Function: Moving Photosynthesis Onto Land

Plant Reproduction: Finding Mates and Dispersing Young

Plant Growth and Development

Plant Defense: Keeping the World Green

Plant Diversity

Fungi: Structure, Function, and Diversity

Animal Nervous Systems

Animal Sensory Systems and Brain Function

Animal Movement: Muscles and Skeletons

Animal Endocrine Systems

Animal Cardiovascular and Respiratory Systems

Animal Metabolism, Nutrition, and Digestion

Animal Renal Systems: Water and Waste

Animal Reproduction and Development

Animal Immune Systems

Animal Diversity

Animal Behavior

Population Ecology

Species Interactions, Communities, and Ecosystems

Biomes and Global Ecology

The Anthropocene: Humans As a Planetary Force

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