Question 1

Because artificial selection is controlled by a breeder, how does it compare to natural selection?

Accepted Answer

A) It usually occurs at the same pace because mutations occur at the same rate. 
B) It usually is less efficient because there is no competition between individuals. 
C) It usually is more efficient because it is controlled through breeding and not reproductive success. 
D) It works well, but will only be able to produce a range of phenotypes based on the initial variation seen within the initial population. 
E) It works equally well, because both principles use the idea of hereditary traits to pass along variation to offspring. 
A) It usually occurs at the same pace because mutations occur at the same rate. 
B) It usually is less efficient because there is no competition between individuals. 
C) It usually is more efficient because it is controlled through breeding and not reproductive success. 
D) It works well, but will only be able to produce a range of phenotypes based on the initial variation seen within the initial population. 
E) It works equally well, because both principles use the idea of hereditary traits to pass along variation to offspring.

Question 2

In an analysis of DNA sequence evolution in a single gene in multiple vertebrate species, a researcher divides the data into two classes: differences among species at the first and second positions in codons, and differences among species at the third positions in codons. When the researcher plots the results, below, she finds that she has two different molecular clocks. Explain the researcher's findings.

Accepted Answer

It seems that selection is operating, to

Question 3

In which of the following situations is genetic drift likely to occur?

Accepted Answer

A) A small population of lizards is isolated on a small island. 
B) A mouse develops a fur coat that enables it to hide more readily from predators. 
C) Two schools of tuna merge together to form one large population. 
D) A river changes course, changing the local environment for a population of butterflies. 
A) A small population of lizards is isolated on a small island. 
B) A mouse develops a fur coat that enables it to hide more readily from predators. 
C) Two schools of tuna merge together to form one large population. 
D) A river changes course, changing the local environment for a population of butterflies.

Question 4

What is one reason why many mutations may be deleterious?

Accepted Answer

A) Because the genetic code has redundancy built in. 
B) Because if a mutation changes the primary structure of a protein, the protein may no longer work. 
C) Because the body has no way to detect or correct mutations. 
D) Most mutations are actually beneficial, not deleterious. 
E) Any change in the DNA sequence means that DNA no longer functions properly. 
A) Because the genetic code has redundancy built in. 
B) Because if a mutation changes the primary structure of a protein, the protein may no longer work. 
C) Because the body has no way to detect or correct mutations. 
D) Most mutations are actually beneficial, not deleterious. 
E) Any change in the DNA sequence means that DNA no longer functions properly.

Question 5

A researcher discovers a new population of salamanders where the genotype frequencies are not in Hardy-Weinberg equilibrium. From these data, she can deduce that evolution has not occurred (or is not occurring) in this salamander population.

Accepted Answer

A) True 
 B)False

Question 6

Genetic drift is the _____ in allele frequencies from generation to generation and is especially important in _____ populations.

Accepted Answer

A) random change; small 
B) random change; large 
C) change due to selection; small 
D) change due to selection; large 
A) random change; small 
B) random change; large 
C) change due to selection; small 
D) change due to selection; large

Question 7

A female bowerbird is visiting the nests that three male bowerbirds have built. She chooses the male that has built the largest nest, which he also decorated with stones. This is an example of _____ selection.

Accepted Answer

A) intersexual 
B) intrasexual 
C) directional 
D) stabilizing 
E) disruptive 
A) intersexual 
B) intrasexual 
C) directional 
D) stabilizing 
E) disruptive

Question 8

You can use Hardy-Weinberg to calculate allele frequencies, but not genotype frequencies.

Accepted Answer

A) True 
 B)False

Question 9

The result of migration is to _____ genetic differences among populations.
A)reduce
B)increase

Accepted Answer

A) True 
 B)False

Question 10

In a study of genetic variation at the Graceland gene, a researcher finds that there are two alleles in a population. In a large sample (500 individuals), the frequency of heterozygotes is 0.63. Is the population in Hardy-Weinberg equilibrium?

Accepted Answer

A) No. The frequency of heterozygotes would be 1 if the population was in Hardy-Weinberg equilibrium. 
B) No. The highest frequency of heterozygotes under Hardy-Weinberg equilibrium is 0.5. 
C) No. There would be no heterozygotes if the population was in Hardy-Weinberg equilibrium. 
D) No. The frequency of each genotype would be equal if the population was in Hardy-Weinberg equilibrium. 
A) No. The frequency of heterozygotes would be 1 if the population was in Hardy-Weinberg equilibrium. 
B) No. The highest frequency of heterozygotes under Hardy-Weinberg equilibrium is 0.5. 
C) No. There would be no heterozygotes if the population was in Hardy-Weinberg equilibrium. 
D) No. The frequency of each genotype would be equal if the population was in Hardy-Weinberg equilibrium.

Question 11

The differential success of alleles is called:

Accepted Answer

A) selection. 
B) genetic drift. 
C) fixation. 
D) migration. 
E) evolution. 
A) selection. 
B) genetic drift. 
C) fixation. 
D) migration. 
E) evolution.

Question 12

Which of the following statements is TRUE regarding intrasexual and intersexual selection?

Accepted Answer

A) In species that demonstrate intersexual selection, male advertisement displays are often used to attract females. 
B) In species that demonstrate intersexual selection, smaller males often accumulate less territory (and have limited mating opportunities), as they are unable to win fights against larger males. 
C) The antlers of male moose are likely the result of intrasexual selection. 
D) The bright and elaborate feathers of birds of paradise are likely the result of intersexual selection. 
E) All of these choices are correct. 
A) In species that demonstrate intersexual selection, male advertisement displays are often used to attract females. 
B) In species that demonstrate intersexual selection, smaller males often accumulate less territory (and have limited mating opportunities), as they are unable to win fights against larger males. 
C) The antlers of male moose are likely the result of intrasexual selection. 
D) The bright and elaborate feathers of birds of paradise are likely the result of intersexual selection. 
E) All of these choices are correct.

Question 13

If the frequency of allele A is 0.7, using the Hardy-Weinberg formula, what would the frequency of the heterozygous Aa genotype be?

Accepted Answer

A) 0)09 
B) 0)3 
C) 0)42 
D) 0)49 
E) The genotype frequency cannot be calculated from the information provided. 
A) 0)09 
B) 0)3 
C) 0)42 
D) 0)49 
E) The genotype frequency cannot be calculated from the information provided.

Question 14

Which of the following describes populations that are genetically isolated?

Accepted Answer

A) They do not share the same mutations. 
B) They do not live in the same areas. 
C) They do not exchange genetic material. 
D) They do not originate from the same population. 
E) They do not evolve. 
A) They do not share the same mutations. 
B) They do not live in the same areas. 
C) They do not exchange genetic material. 
D) They do not originate from the same population. 
E) They do not evolve.

Question 15

An advantageous mutation is more likely to get fixed in a population through genetic drift than is a deleterious mutation.

Accepted Answer

A) True 
 B)False

Question 16

A gene that no longer retains function is called:

Accepted Answer

A) broken. 
B) a terminal gene. 
C) a pseudogene. 
D) negatively selected. 
E) a gene with a stopped molecular clock. 
A) broken. 
B) a terminal gene. 
C) a pseudogene. 
D) negatively selected. 
E) a gene with a stopped molecular clock.

Question 17

Why does genetic drift have more of an impact on the evolution of small populations than large ones?

Accepted Answer

A) Small populations have greater rates of mutation. 
B) Small populations are affected more by stabilizing selection. 
C) Sampling from generation to generation is more variable in small populations than large. 
D) Small populations are more prone to migration. 
E) Small populations are less affected by mutations. 
A) Small populations have greater rates of mutation. 
B) Small populations are affected more by stabilizing selection. 
C) Sampling from generation to generation is more variable in small populations than large. 
D) Small populations are more prone to migration. 
E) Small populations are less affected by mutations.

Question 18

The correlation between the time two species have been evolutionarily separated and the amount of genetic divergence between them is known as the:

Accepted Answer

A) molecular clock. 
B) natural selection. 
C) Hardy-Weinberg equilibrium. 
D) artificial selection. 
E) Modern Synthesis. 
A) molecular clock. 
B) natural selection. 
C) Hardy-Weinberg equilibrium. 
D) artificial selection. 
E) Modern Synthesis.

Question 19

Humans are considered to be the most genetically diverse organisms on Earth, and possess considerably more genetic variation compared to any insect or avian species.

Accepted Answer

A) True 
 B)False

Question 20

Malthus pointed out that populations have the potential to increase geometrically. What did this observation suggest that contributed to the idea of natural selection?

Accepted Answer

A) Populations may grow faster than their resources. 
B) Populations may grow quickly and spread out over the planet. 
C) Populations may grow faster than other competing populations. 
D) Populations grow quickly, but predators grow more quickly. 
E) Populations may grow quickly, and then will evolve more quickly. 
A) Populations may grow faster than their resources. 
B) Populations may grow quickly and spread out over the planet. 
C) Populations may grow faster than other competing populations. 
D) Populations grow quickly, but predators grow more quickly. 
E) Populations may grow quickly, and then will evolve more quickly.

Exam 21: Evolution: How Genotypes and Phenotypes Change Over Time

Because artificial selection is controlled by a breeder, how does it compare to natural selection?

In which of the following situations is genetic drift likely to occur?

What is one reason why many mutations may be deleterious?

A researcher discovers a new population of salamanders where the genotype frequencies are not in Hardy-Weinberg equilibrium. From these data, she can deduce that evolution has not occurred (or is not occurring) in this salamander population.

Genetic drift is the _____ in allele frequencies from generation to generation and is especially important in _____ populations.

A female bowerbird is visiting the nests that three male bowerbirds have built. She chooses the male that has built the largest nest, which he also decorated with stones. This is an example of _____ selection.

You can use Hardy-Weinberg to calculate allele frequencies, but not genotype frequencies.

The result of migration is to _____ genetic differences among populations. A)reduce B)increase

In a study of genetic variation at the Graceland gene, a researcher finds that there are two alleles in a population. In a large sample (500 individuals), the frequency of heterozygotes is 0.63. Is the population in Hardy-Weinberg equilibrium?

The differential success of alleles is called:

Which of the following statements is TRUE regarding intrasexual and intersexual selection?

If the frequency of allele A is 0.7, using the Hardy-Weinberg formula, what would the frequency of the heterozygous Aa genotype be?

Which of the following describes populations that are genetically isolated?

An advantageous mutation is more likely to get fixed in a population through genetic drift than is a deleterious mutation.

A gene that no longer retains function is called:

Why does genetic drift have more of an impact on the evolution of small populations than large ones?

The correlation between the time two species have been evolutionarily separated and the amount of genetic divergence between them is known as the:

Humans are considered to be the most genetically diverse organisms on Earth, and possess considerably more genetic variation compared to any insect or avian species.

Malthus pointed out that populations have the potential to increase geometrically. What did this observation suggest that contributed to the idea of natural selection?

Life: Chemical, Cellular, and Evolutionary Foundations

The Molecules of Life

Nucleic Acids and Transcription

Translation and Protein Structure

Organizing Principles: Lipids, Membranes, and Cell Compartments

Making Life Work: Capturing and Using Energy

Cellular Respiration: Harvesting Energy From Carbohydrates and Other Fuel Molecules

Photosynthesis: Using Sunlight to Build Carbohydrates

Cell Signaling

Cell and Tissue Architecture: Cytoskeleton, Cell Junctions, and Extracellular Matrix

Cell Division: Variations, Regulation, and Cancer

Dna Replication and Manipulation

Genomes

Mutation and Dna Repair

Genetic Variation

Mendelian Inheritance

Inheritance of Sex Chromosomes, Linked Genes, and Organelles

The Genetic and Environmental Basis of Complex Traits

Genetic and Epigenetic Regulation

Genes and Development

Species and Speciation

Evolutionary Patterns: Phylogeny and Fossils

Human Origins and Evolution

Cycling Carbon

Bacteria and Archaea

Eukaryotic Cells: Origins and Diversity

Being Multicellular

Plant Structure and Function: Moving Photosynthesis Onto Land

Plant Reproduction: Finding Mates and Dispersing Young

Plant Growth and Development

Plant Defense: Keeping the World Green

Plant Diversity

Fungi: Structure, Function, and Diversity

Animal Nervous Systems

Animal Sensory Systems and Brain Function

Animal Movement: Muscles and Skeletons

Animal Endocrine Systems

Animal Cardiovascular and Respiratory Systems

Animal Metabolism, Nutrition, and Digestion

Animal Renal Systems: Water and Waste

Animal Reproduction and Development

Animal Immune Systems

Animal Diversity

Animal Behavior

Population Ecology

Species Interactions, Communities, and Ecosystems

Biomes and Global Ecology

The Anthropocene: Humans As a Planetary Force

Filters

Genetic drift is the _ in allele frequencies from generation to generation and is especially important in _ populations.