Exam 5: Learning

Define "learning," and explain what classical conditioning, operant conditioning, and instrumental conditioning are; comparing how they are similar to or different from each other.

According to the law of effect, a behavior is most likely to be repeated when it is ________.

An unruly child has become conditioned to fear the sight of the principal's door. Over the past month, however, he had no contacts with the principal. Now the child will probably ________.

Explain what learned helplessness is and describe how it develops. Also, discuss what effects it has on people and animals once it is established.

On a variable-interval schedule, reinforcement is given for the ________.

A "Skinner box" is most likely to be used in research on ________.

Operant conditioning focuses on voluntary behaviors.

Which of the following statements is true?

Describe the findings of Thorndike's experiments and discuss the elements essential for operant conditioning.

One of the best known examples of classical conditioning was the Little Albert study, conducted by ________.

The process by which some stimuli, such as snakes, serve readily as conditioned stimuli for certain responses, such as fear in humans, is called ________.

Research on cognitive learning in animals indicates that ________.

Higher order conditioning is difficult to achieve because it battles against extinction.

Oscar takes vitamins to prevent illnesses related to vitamin deficiencies. This is an example of ________.

We associate the name ________ most closely with classical conditioning.

Discuss the importance of contingencies in classical conditioning. In your discussion, explain what backward conditioning is and how it works.

A box used in operant conditioning of animals, which limits the available responses and thus increases the likelihood that the desired response will occur, is called a ________ box.

A dog, taught to salivate to the sound of a whistle, is now going through many trials in which the whistle sound is not followed by food. The dog will probably ________.

A type of learning that involves associating one event with another is called ________.

Behaviors learned through punishment are among the easiest learned behaviors to extinguish.