Exam 5: Learning

Sandy's favorite activity is to go to Las Vegas and play the slot machines. Her gambling behavior is being reinforced on a ________ schedule.

If you want an organism to respond very rapidly with only a brief pause after each reinforcement, which schedule of reinforcement would you choose?

Punishment experienced by models that affects the willingness of others to perform the behavior they learned by observing those models is called ________ punishment.

A reinforcer can be anything that, when presented after a response, increases the likelihood of the response being repeated.

Operant conditioning is another name for ________.

Any stimulus that follows a behavior and decreases the likelihood that the behavior will be repeated is called a(n) ________.

Reacting to a stimulus that is similar to one you have already learned to respond to is called ________.

Superstitious behaviors are most commonly learned through ________.

Describe Pavlov's classical conditioning studies in terms of the US, UR, CS, CR, and his results. Briefly discuss two examples of classical conditioning in your own life, naming the US, UR, CS, and CR.

A variable-ratio schedule produces a high response rate over a long period of time.

In an experiment, two groups of dogs are given shocks to their feet. One group is able to escape the shocks by jumping over a barrier. The second group is harnessed and cannot escape. After several trials, both groups are put in situations where they can escape. The first group escapes the shocks but the second group just sits and whines, refusing to attempt to escape. The response of the second group is due to ________.

Which of the following statements is true?

A budding author wishes to improve her typing. Which of the following would be least helpful in a program to help her reach her goal?

Instrumental conditioning is another term for ________.

"Every morning a train goes by my house at 6:30 when I am just sitting down to breakfast. Lately, however, the train has been coming by at 4:30 and I am having a terrible time getting back to sleep because I'm so hungry." In this example of classical conditioning, the conditioned stimulus is ________ and the conditioned response is ________.

Punishment is particularly useful in situations in which a behavior is ________ and must be changed ________.

By pairing the ringing of a bell with the presentation of meat, Pavlov trained dogs to salivate to the sound of a bell even when no meat was presented. In this experiment, salivation to the bell was the ________.

The two researchers most closely associated with operant conditioning are ________.

Conditioning based on previous learning, in which the conditioned stimulus serves as an unconditioned stimulus for further learning, is called ________ conditioning.

Any event whose presence increases the likelihood that an ongoing behavior will recur is a(n) ________.