Exam 5: Learning

In classical conditioning, discrimination basically is the reverse of ________.

In an experiment, the pupils of subjects' eyes contracted when a bright light was shown. After continual pairing of the bright light with the sound of a bell, subjects' pupils contracted when they heard the bell. After pairing the sound of the bell with the experimenter's verbal instruction "Contract," pupil contraction occurred with just the verbal instruction. In this entire study, the conditioned stimulus is (stimuli are) the ________.

Presenting an aversive stimulus to eliminate undesired behavior is an example of ________.

Which of the following behaviors will be most difficult to extinguish?

The person most closely associated with the law of effect is ________.

To teach a tiger to jump through a flaming hoop, the tiger is first reinforced for jumping up on a certain pedestal, then for leaping from that pedestal to another. Next, the tiger has to jump through a hoop between the pedestals to get the reward. Finally, the hoop is set afire and the tiger must jump through it to get the reward. This is an example of ________.

Which of the following statements is true for operant conditioning?

The idea that in conditioning, the conditioned stimulus must signify that if one thing occurs, something else is likely to occur, is part of ________ theory.

Mary Cover Jones first demonstrated that children's fears can be ________.

Briefly describe how extinction and spontaneous recovery work in classical and in operant conditioning.

An experimenter finds that a certain male subject always has an increased heartbeat when he hears a certain piece of music. The experimenter sounds a buzzer and then plays the piece of music. The experimenter repeats this procedure until the man responds with an increased heartbeat to the sound of the buzzer alone. In this situation, the unconditioned response is ________ and the conditioned response is ________.

A reinforcer that takes on its reinforcing properties only through association with other reinforcers is called a(n) ________ reinforcer.

A pet dog loves to go for rides in the family car. Every time it sees someone take out a set of keys, it goes to the garage door and waits expectantly. When grandma, who is afraid of dogs, comes to visit for two weeks in the summer, the family decides not to let the dog ride in the car during her stay. By the end of grandma's visit, the dog has stopped going over to the garage door when someone takes out a set of keys. The best explanation for this change in behavior is that ________.

Classical conditioning usually occurs after only one pairing of the US and the CS.

Some behaviors, such as food aversion, take much longer to learn by classical conditioning than others.

The process of learning to respond only to a single specific object or event and inhibit the response to all other stimuli is called ________.

Presenting the unconditioned stimulus before the conditioned stimulus is known as backward conditioning.

A person originally feared great heights such as standing on top of tall buildings. Now the person has also developed fears of flying in airplanes, standing on ladders, and even watching high-wire artists perform. These new fears are probably the result of ________.

Biofeedback is an application of ________.

In the experiment with Little Albert, the unconditioned stimulus was the ________.