Exam 5: Learning

Any event whose presence decreases the likelihood that ongoing behavior will recur is ________.

Nagging someone to do something until they do it is an example of ________.

The distinction between ________, on the one hand, and ________, on the other, is of central importance to social learning theorists.

Giving different responses to the same stimuli to which you were classically conditioned illustrates ________.

Explain what higher order conditioning is and how it works. Also, explain the difference between primary and secondary reinforcers.

Which of the following behaviors will be easiest to extinguish?

In an experiment, the pupils of subjects' eyes contracted when a bright light was shown. After continual pairing of the bright light with the sound of a bell, the subjects' pupils contracted when they heard the bell. After the pairing of the sound of the bell with the presentation of a black square, pupil contraction occurred with just the sight of the square. In this entire conditioning study, the conditioned stimulus is (stimuli are) the ________.

A researcher places dogs in a cage with metal bars on the floor. The dogs are randomly given electric shocks and can do nothing to prevent them or stop them. Later, the same dogs are placed in a cage where they can escape the shocks by jumping over a low hurdle. When the shocks are given, the dogs do not even try to escape. They just sit and cower. This is an example of ________.

The process in which prior conditioning prevents conditioning to a second stimulus even when the two stimuli are presented simultaneously is called ________.

In classical conditioning, during extinction the ________ is consistently omitted and the ________ gradually disappears.

In classical conditioning, extinction occurs because the ________ is no longer paired with the ________.

Which of the following statements is not true?

In classical conditioning, the most effective method is to present the ________.

In higher order conditioning, we pair a neutral stimulus with a(n) ________.

When someone uses punishment to change a behavior, the probability of the behavior occurring is likely to ________.

Learning that depends on mental processes that are not directly observable is called ________ learning.

According to social learning theory, ________.

A kind of therapy closely related to classical conditioning that is designed to gradually reduce anxiety about a particular object or situation is known as ________ therapy.

Emitted, voluntary behavior is BEST modified by ________.

The view of learning that emphasizes the ability to learn by observing a model or receiving instructions, without firsthand experience by the learner, is called ________ theory.