Exam 7: Learning and Conditioning

When a stimulus that is similar to the conditioned stimulus fails to evoke the conditioned response, then stimulus generalization has occurred.

Thorndike was known for his work with:

To a social-cognitive theorist, the fact that we can learn without being reinforced for any obvious responses shows that we do not learn specific responses but rather ______________.

Quarters spilling from a slot machine would be secondary reinforcers.

Ivan Pavlov studied the reflexive flow of saliva in dogs. He used meat powder or other food to trigger the salivation. In this instance, the meat powder was the ________.

Which of the following is a secondary reinforcer?

Tim yells at his daughter Allison for soiling her pants. He also threatens to spank her if she ever does it again. Next week, she soils her pants again. According to studies on punishment, why did Tim's approach fail?

Name the unconditioned stimulus, unconditioned response, conditioned stimulus, and conditioned response in these two situations: 1. Five-year-old Emily is watching a storm from her window. A huge bolt of lightning is followed by a tremendous thunderclap, and Emily jumps at the noise. This happens several more times. There is a brief lull and then another lightning bolt. Emily jumps in response to the bolt. 2. Gregory's mouth waters whenever he eats anything with lemon in it. One day, while reading an ad that shows a big glass of lemonade, Gregory finds that his mouth has started to water. B. In the view of many learning theorists, pairing a neutral and unconditioned stimulus is not enough to produce classical conditioning; the neutral stimulus must __________ the unconditioned stimulus.

Classical conditioning is considered to be an evolutionary adaption that allows an organism to anticipate and prepare for an event that is about to happen.

In classical conditioning, when the conditioned response is extinguished, but reappears later, the reappearance of the response is called:

Extinction is a procedure that causes unlearning.

Counterconditioning is a process in which a conditioned stimulus is paired with a stimulus that elicits a response that is incompatible with an unwanted conditioned response.

Learning is defined in the textbook as a relatively permanent change in behavior (or behavioral potential) due to experience.

A conditioned stimulus is an event or a thing that elicits a response automatically or reflexively.

________ is a relatively permanent change in behavior (or behavioral potential) that occurs due to experience.

Which of the following is a primary reinforcer?

Working in a room with a comfortable air temperature would be an example of a secondary reinforcer.

Which of the following is a primary reinforcer?

In classical conditioning, the ________ elicits a reflexive response in the absence of learning.

________ reinforcement occurs when you take a pill to eliminate pain.