Exam 7: Learning and Conditioning

Intrinsic rewards can undermine the pleasure of doing something for its own sake.

What kind of consequence will follow if you can't answer these questions? -Identify which of the following are commonly used as secondary reinforcers: coins spilling from a slot machine, a winner's blue ribbon, a piece of candy, an A on an exam, frequent-flyer miles.

The process by which a stimulus strengthens or increases the probability of the response that it follows is called ________.

For classical conditioning to be most effective, the stimulus to be conditioned should:

Individuals being treated for cancer may develop nausea when they arrive at the place where they have been receiving chemotherapy. In this case, the conditioned stimulus is ________.

Social-cognitive theorists would argue that learning is not just a change in behavior, but it is also a change in knowledge that has the potential for affecting behavior.

After watching her teenage sister put on lipstick, a little girl takes lipstick and applies it to her own lips. She has acquired this behavior through a process of __________.

The week after she earns her driver's license, 16-year-old Hannah arrives home an hour after curfew. As a consequence, Hannah must wash the car on Saturday and is not allowed to drive it for a week. Washing the car is a ________ and losing driving privileges is a ________.

The application of conditioning techniques to teach people new responses or to reduce maladaptive behaviors is called behavior modification.

In operant conditioning, reinforcing successive approximations of a desired behavior is a procedure called ________.

What is learning that has taken place but is not demonstrated called?

Which of the following behaviorists is associated with operant conditioning?

The process of observational learning would explain how 3-year-old Ryan knows how to lather up his own face after watching his dad shave earlier that day.

When a response occurs to a previously neutral stimulus, it is called ________.

The automatic, involuntary responses involved in blood pressure and muscle contractions cannot be classically conditioned.

A drawback in using primary punishers and primary reinforcers in research is that:

In Watson and Rayner's "Little Albert" study, each time the rat was presented to the boy, it was accompanied by a loud noise. In this experiment, Albert's reaction of fear upon hearing the loud noise was the ________.

A variation of the counterconditioning procedure developed by Watson and Jones has been used to treat adult phobias. This variation is called:

Ayden is afraid of swings. To overcome this fear, his father places him on a swing and gives Ayden an ice pop to eat while gently pushing it. This is an example of ________.

A reflexive response elicited by a stimulus in the absence of learning is called an unconditioned response.