Exam 7: Learning and Conditioning

Which of the following is a secondary punisher?

Intermittent reinforcement results in ________.

When 4-year-old Aileen goes to the store with her dad and whines for candy at the checkout, she gets the candy. But when she goes with her mom, whining never ends up getting her candy. Before long, Aileen only whines when she is at the store with her dad. This is called ________.

Professor Inglot gives a student a D on a term paper that was completely inadequate. The D grade is an example of ________.

Stimulus discrimination is the process of pairing a conditioned stimulus with a stimulus that elicits a response that is incompatible with an unwanted conditioned response.

In Skinner's analysis, an operant behavior can lead to two types of consequences. Describe these two consequences.

Kyla wants to make sure that her dog Axel does not beg for food from the table. Every time that Axel begs, Kyla says, "No," in a sharp, scolding voice and she never gives in. Kyla is using ________.

Which of the following schools of thought heavily influenced the study of learning in the twentieth century?

In Chapter 6, we learned that some taste preferences (such as a liking for sweets) are universal-a part of our evolutionary heritage. Others are a matter of culture. When Thurston attends a dinner at a Japanese restaurant, he is fascinated as the chef prepares the food on a grill in front of him. When the appetizers are served, Thurston enjoys the raw oysters, but he cannot imagine eating the raw sea urchins and raw octopus that his friends are savoring. Use learning theory to explain the differences between Thurston's taste in foods and that of his friends.

In operant conditioning, when a response is first acquired, learning is usually most rapid if the response is reinforced:

Harry and Sally want their cat to jump through a hoop 3 feet off the ground. Because the cat would never spontaneously jump through the hoop on its own, what operant conditioning procedure will Harry and Sally need to use? Briefly explain how they might proceed.

A variation of the counterconditioning procedure developed by Watson and Jones has been used to treat adult phobias. This variation is called:

Principles of operant conditioning have been used to help explain why people get attached to "lucky" hats, charms, and rituals. Using these principles, explain how an athlete might show this type of behavior. How did Skinner demonstrate the phenomenon of superstitious behavior with eight pigeons in his laboratory?

Margaret gives her son a quarter every time he makes his bed; she is using ________.

What must be paired together for classical conditioning to occur?

A conditioned response is a reflexive response elicited by a stimulus in the absence of learning.

Stimulus generalization has occurred if a child learns to fear spiders and then responds to beetles and caterpillars with fear.

See whether you can supply the correct term to describe the outcome in each of these situations: -A factory worker's mouth waters whenever a noontime bell signals the beginning of his lunch break. One day, the bell goes haywire and rings every half hour. By the end of the day, the worker has stopped salivating to the bell.

In the operant-conditioning procedure of shaping, behaviors that are ordered in terms of increasing similarity or closeness to the desired response are called ________.

See whether you can supply the correct term to describe the outcome in each of these situations: -Little Eryn is afraid of the bath, so her father puts just a little water in the tub and gives Eryn a lollipop to suck on while she is being washed. Soon Eryn loses her fear of the bath.