Exam 7: Learning and Conditioning

Negative reinforcement is best thought of as:

What is the difference between the traditional Pavlovian approach and the contemporary view on what is actually learned in classical conditioning?

In classical conditioning, the ________ is an initially neutral stimulus that comes to elicit a response.

Ivan Pavlov studied the reflexive flow of saliva in dogs. He used meat powder or other food to trigger the salivation. It was later observed that the salivation in the dog was triggered even before the food was placed in its mouth. In this experiment, ________ was the unconditioned response.

Brett's mom keeps a chart on his bedroom wall and adds a gold star for each day that his room is clean. His mom is using _______________ to strengthen the response.

Dr. Sardonicus wants to train a rat to play basketball. She could wait until she was old and gray, however, before she could reinforce the rat for playing basketball! What conditioning procedure does Dr. Sardonicus need to use? Outline, step by step, what she can do to meet her goal.

Ivan Pavlov studied the reflexive flow of saliva in dogs. He used meat powder or other food to trigger the salivation. In this instance, the meat powder was the ________.

A basic principle governing operant conditioning is that:

Which of the following fears can be easily conditioned in human beings?

In classical conditioning, ________ occurs when the conditioned stimulus is no longer paired with the unconditioned stimulus.

What is the distinction between primary and secondary reinforcers?

_____________ reinforcement occurs when you escape from something unpleasant.

________ is the process by which a response becomes more likely to occur or less so, depending on its consequences.

A response will be easiest to extinguish if the animal has been trained:

Alex cleans his room so his mother will stop nagging him. His mother used _______________ to get him to clean the room.

Because of classical conditioning, medical treatment can create unexpected misery or relief from symptoms, for reasons that are entirely unrelated to the treatment itself. Give an example that illustrates this statement.

Highlight the differences between positive and negative reinforcement.

After Little Albert acquired a conditioned fear of a rat, Watson and Rayner wanted to see how he would react to a rabbit, cotton wool, and a Santa Claus mask. They were studying whether or not _______________ had occurred.

In each of the following situations, choose the best alternative and give your reason for choosing it. -Your father, who rarely calls you, has finally left a voice-mail message. Should you reply quickly, or wait a while so he will know how it feels to be ignored?

Negative reinforcement is best thought of as: